The nurse is discussing macrovascular complications of diabetes with a client. The nurse would address what topic during this dialogue?

The need to monitor urine for the presence of albumin

The relationship between kidney function and blood glucose levels

The need for frequent eye examinations for clients with diabetes

The fact that clients with diabetes have an elevated risk of myocardial infarction

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A. The need to monitor urine for the presence of albumin:
Explanation: Monitoring urine for albumin is more associated with microvascular complications, particularly diabetic nephropathy. When the kidneys are affected, albumin may leak into the urine. This is not a macrovascular complication.

B. The relationship between kidney function and blood glucose levels:
Explanation: The relationship between kidney function and blood glucose levels is important, but it is more directly related to microvascular complications, particularly diabetic nephropathy. High blood glucose levels over time can damage the small blood vessels in the kidneys.

C. The need for frequent eye examinations for clients with diabetes:
Explanation: This is related to microvascular complications, specifically diabetic retinopathy. Changes in the small blood vessels of the retina can lead to vision problems. While important, it's not directly addressing macrovascular complications.

D. The fact that clients with diabetes have an elevated risk of myocardial infarction:
Explanation: This is the correct answer. Macrovascular complications involve large blood vessels and are associated with conditions such as coronary artery disease, which increases the risk of myocardial infarction in individuals with diabetes.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. pH 7.28, pCO2 36, HCO3 23:
Explanation: The pH is low, indicating acidosis. However, the pCO2 is within the normal range, which is not consistent with respiratory acidosis. The HCO3 is slightly low but not significantly, and this doesn't align with typical findings in respiratory acidosis.

B. pH 7.52, pCO2 28, HCO3 25:
Explanation: The pH is high, indicating alkalosis. The pCO2 is below the normal range, which is not consistent with respiratory acidosis. The HCO3 is within the normal range, and these values are not typical for respiratory acidosis.

C. pH 7.25, pCO2 50, HCO3 22:
Explanation: The pH is low, indicating acidosis. The pCO2 is elevated, which is typical in respiratory acidosis. The HCO3 is within the normal range, suggesting uncompensated respiratory acidosis.

D. pH 7.35, pCO2 40, HCO3 24:
Explanation: The pH is within the normal range, and both pCO2 and HCO3 are normal. These values do not indicate acidosis.

A. "The parathyroid has no effect on calcium levels in the body, this will just help prevent osteoporosis" B. "The reason you have hypo-parathyroidism is because you were diagnosed with hypothyroidism, and when the thyroid doesn't work, neither does the parathyroid, so you need these supplements." C. "A decrease in parathyroid hormone causes low calcium levels, so your body to break down bones in order to maintain normal calcium levels, and this will prevent that from happening." D. "An increase in parathyroid hormone causes your body to move calcium into the cells to reduce blood calcium levels, so you have to replace the levels in the blood."

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. "The parathyroid has no effect on calcium levels in the body; this will just help prevent osteoporosis":
Explanation: This statement is incorrect. The parathyroid gland plays a crucial role in calcium homeostasis. Hypoparathyroidism, characterized by decreased parathyroid hormone (PTH) production, leads to low blood calcium levels, not high levels.

B. "The reason you have hypoparathyroidism is that you were diagnosed with hypothyroidism, and when the thyroid doesn't work, neither does the parathyroid, so you need these supplements."
Explanation: This statement is incorrect. The parathyroid and thyroid are separate glands with distinct functions. Hypoparathyroidism is not a result of hypothyroidism.

C. "A decrease in parathyroid hormone causes low calcium levels, so your body to break down bones to maintain normal calcium levels, and this will prevent that from happening."
Explanation: This is the correct statement. Hypoparathyroidism leads to a decrease in PTH, resulting in low blood calcium levels. Without sufficient PTH, the body may resort to breaking down bones to maintain calcium levels.

D. "An increase in parathyroid hormone causes your body to move calcium into the cells to reduce blood calcium levels, so you have to replace the levels in the blood."
Explanation: This statement is incorrect. An increase in parathyroid hormone (PTH) typically leads to increased blood calcium levels by promoting the release of calcium from bones and reducing calcium excretion by the kidneys. This describes hyperparathyroidism, not hypoparathyroidism.

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