The nurse is caring for an elderly patient who has been admitted with pneumonia.

The nurse knows that elderly patients are at increased risk for respiratory infections because of which of the following factors?

(Select all that apply.).

The correct answer is B.

It is caused by a hormonal imbalance that stimulates the growth of prostate tissue.

• Choice A is wrong because BPH is not caused by an infection of the prostate gland.Prostate infections are called prostatitis and have different symptoms and treatments than BPH.

• Choice C is wrong because BPH is not caused by a genetic mutation that triggers abnormal cell division in the prostate.Prostate cancer is a malignant condition that involves uncontrolled cell growth in the prostate, but it is not the same as BPH.

• Choice D is wrong because BPH is not caused by an autoimmune disorder that attacks and damages the prostate tissue.Autoimmune disorders are conditions where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the body, but they are not known to cause BPH.

The exact cause of BPH is unknown, but it is believed to be related to aging and hormonal changes in older men.The prostate gland grows throughout a man’s life, but it usually does not cause problems until later in life.Some factors that may increase the risk of BPH include family history, diabetes, heart problems, obesity, and prostate cancer.

BPH can cause symptoms such as difficulty urinating, frequent or urgent urination, weak or interrupted urine stream, dribbling at the end of urination, incomplete bladder emptying, nocturia (urination at night), urinary incontinence (leakage of urine), urinary retention (inability to urinate), blood in urine, and painful urination.These symptoms can affect the quality of life and lead to complications such as urinary tract infections, bladder stones, bladder damage, kidney problems, and acute urinary retention.

BPH can be diagnosed by a physical exam, medical history, and various tests such as urinalysis, urodynamic test, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test, post-void residual test, and cystoscopy.

The treatment options depend on the severity of symptoms, the size of the prostate, and other health conditions.They include medications, surgery, and other procedures such as laser therapy or microwave therapy.Some natural treatments such as lifestyle changes, dietary supplements, and herbal remedies may also help with mild symptoms of BPH.

Normal ranges for some tests related to BPH are:.

• PSA test: The normal range for PSA levels is 0 to 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) of blood.

However, this range may vary depending on age, race, and other factors.Higher PSA levels may indicate prostate cancer or other prostate problems such as BPH or prostatitis.

• Post-void residual test: The normal range for post-void residual volume is less than 50 milliliters (mL) of urine.Higher volumes may indicate urinary retention or bladder dysfunction due to BPH or other causes.

• Urodynamic test: The normal range for urodynamic parameters such as bladder pressure, urine flow rate, and bladder capacity may vary depending on age, gender, and other factors.Abnormal values may indicate bladder obstruction or dysfunction due to BPH or other causes.

References:.

:What is Benign prostatic hyperplasia and its possible symptoms ….

The correct answer isA, B, C and D.

These are all factors that can increase the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in older adult clients.

A. Decreased immune system function with aging.This can make older adults more susceptible to infections and less able to fight them off.

B. Lack of knowledge or awareness about STIs.

Older adults may not have received adequate education or information about STIs, their symptoms, prevention and treatment.They may also have misconceptions or stigma about STIs that prevent them from seeking help or testing.

C. Reduced use of condoms or other barrier methods.

Older adults may not perceive themselves as at risk of STIs or may not know how to use condoms correctly or consistently.They may also face barriers such as cost, availability, embarrassment or partner resistance to using condoms.

D. Increased number of sexual partners or casual encounters.

Older adults may have more opportunities for sexual activity due to factors such as divorce, widowhood, online dating, travel or retirement.They may also engage in sexual behaviors that expose them to multiple or unknown partners, such as sex work, drug use or group sex.

Choice E is wrong becauseincreased vaginal dryness or atrophy with menopauseis not a risk factor for STIs in older adult clients.

While this condition can cause discomfort, pain or bleeding during sexual intercourse, it does not increase the likelihood of acquiring or transmitting an STI.However, it may affect the quality of life and sexual satisfaction of older women and their partners, and may require medical attention or lubrication products.

: Johnson BK.

Sexually transmitted infections and older adults.J Gerontol Nurs 2013;39(11):53-60.: World Health Organization (WHO).

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs).2022 Aug 22.: Journal of Gerontological Nursing (JGN).

Sexually Transmitted Infections and Older Adults.

2013 Sep 18.