The nurse is caring for a client on a medical-surgical unit.

Which of the assessment findings require follow-up by the nurse? Select all that apply.

A. Instruct the client to flex their head in a chin-down position: Flexing the head forward helps close the airway and direct food toward the esophagus, reducing the risk of aspiration. This maneuver is a standard safety technique for clients with dysphagia during swallowing.

B. Place the food on the weaker side of the client's mouth: Food should be placed on the stronger side of the mouth to facilitate effective chewing and swallowing. Placing food on the weaker side increases the risk of aspiration and choking.

C. Thin the food to a liquid consistency prior to feeding: Thinner liquids are more difficult for clients with dysphagia to control and swallow safely. Thickened liquids are recommended to slow flow and improve swallow safety.

D. Place the client in a semi-Fowler's position while eating: While upright positioning is important, semi-Fowler’s (30–45 degrees) may not be sufficient. A full upright position (90 degrees) is preferred to optimize swallowing and reduce aspiration risk.

A. Denial: Denial is an expected initial stage of grief in response to terminal illness. Clients may have difficulty accepting the diagnosis and may refuse to believe the reality of their condition as a coping mechanism.

B. Reorganization: Reorganization is a later stage of grief associated with adapting to loss after bereavement. It is not typically part of the immediate response to a terminal diagnosis in the dying process.

C. Numbing: Numbing is more commonly associated with acute grief reactions following sudden loss, rather than the anticipatory grief experienced after a terminal diagnosis.

D. Reinvesting: Reinvesting refers to redirecting emotional energy into new relationships or activities after loss. This stage occurs after bereavement and is not part of the expected stages of grief during the dying process.