The mother of a 20yearold woman recently diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia asks the nurse what causes schizophrenia. The nurse recognizes which of the following are implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia?

A. A schizophrenic episode Schizophrenic episodes are characterized by a complex interplay of symptoms including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and altered perceptions. While the client is experiencing altered perceptions, the sudden onset and specific description are more indicative of hallucinogen ingestion.

B. Hallucinogen ingestion The client's description of altered perception, feeling outside of their own body, and visual distortions are indicative of hallucinogen ingestion. This class of substances can cause profound alterations in perception, leading to hallucinations and distorted sensory experiences. The slightly elevated vital signs may be a physiological response to the effects of the hallucinogen.

C. Opium intoxication Opium is an opioid and its effects are characterized by sedation, respiratory depression, and miosis (pupil constriction). The client's description of altered perception and feeling outside of their body are not typical of opium intoxication.

D. Cocaine overdose Cocaine is a stimulant and its effects are characterized by increased heart rate, blood pressure, and hyperarousal. The client's description of altered perception and feeling outside of their body are not typical of cocaine overdose.

A. Agitation can be a sign of distress, but sudden cheerfulness may be indicative of a decision to act on suicidal thoughts, as the individual may feel relieved to have made a decision.
B. Sudden cheerfulness can be a concerning sign, as it may indicate that the client has made a decision to carry out suicidal thoughts.
C. Psychomotor retardation is a symptom of depression and may not necessarily indicate imminent risk of suicide.
D. Not attending group therapy may be a sign of withdrawal or isolation, but it does not directly indicate immediate suicidal risk.