The key characteristics of metabolic syndrome include the following except?
Low HDLs.
Type II diabetes mellitus.
Hypertension.
High HDLs.
Abdominal obesity.
The Correct Answer is D
HDL stands for high-density lipoprotein, which is a type of cholesterol that carries excess cholesterol from other parts of the body to the liver, where it can be removed.
HDL is sometimes called “good” cholesterol because it helps protect against heart disease. Having high HDL levels is not a characteristic of metabolic syndrome, but rather a protective factor.
Metabolic syndrome is a group of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. These conditions include:
• Low HDLs (choice A): Having low levels of HDL cholesterol is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome, as it means there is less “good” cholesterol to remove excess cholesterol from the blood vessels.
• Type II diabetes mellitus (choice B): This is a condition where the body does not use insulin properly, leading to high blood sugar levels.
Insulin is a hormone that helps the cells take up glucose from the blood.
Insulin resistance is a key feature of metabolic syndrome.
• Hypertension (choice C): This means having high blood pressure, which can damage the heart and blood vessels over time.
High blood pressure is often associated with obesity and insulin resistance, which are common in metabolic syndrome.
• Abdominal obesity (choice E): This means having excess fat around the waist and trunk, also known as central or visceral obesity.
This type of fat is more harmful than fat in other parts of the body, as it can release inflammatory substances that affect the metabolism and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
• Hyperglycemia (choice F): This means having high blood sugar levels, which can damage the blood vessels and organs over time.
Hyperglycemia can result from insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes, which are both components of metabolic syndrome.
The normal ranges for some of these conditions are:
• HDL cholesterol: more than 40 mg/dL for men and more than 50 mg/dL for women
• Blood pressure: less than 120/80 mmHg
• Blood sugar: less than 100 mg/dL after fasting or less than 140 mg/dL two hours after eating
• Waist circumference: less than 40 inches for men and less than 35 inches for women
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
This is because elevating the legs can help reduce swelling and improve blood flow back to the heart by reducing the effects of gravity.Elevating the legs can also prevent blood from pooling in the veins and reduce the risk of blood clots.
Choice A is wrong because dangling the legs can increase swelling and pressure in the veins, which can worsen peripheral venous disease (PVD) symptoms and complications.
Choice B is wrong because sitting in one position for prolonged hours can impair blood circulation and increase the risk of blood clots, especially in the lower legs.People with PVD should avoid crossing their legs, wearing tight clothing, or sitting for long periods without moving.
Choice D is wrong because standing in one position can also increase swelling and pressure in the veins, which can lead to pain, ulcers, and skin changes.People with PVD should avoid standing for long periods without moving or changing positions.
Some additional information:
Peripheral venous disease (PVD) is a condition that affects blood flow in the veins and arteries outside of your heart and brain.
It can be caused by narrowing, blocking, or spasming of the blood vessels, or by blood clots in the veins.PVD can cause pain and fatigue, especially in the legs, and can lead to serious complications such as gangrene or amputation.
The most common cause of PVD is atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque inside the artery wall.
Plaque reduces the amount of blood flow to the limbs and decreases the oxygen and nutrients available to the tissue.Other causes of PVD may include injury, infection, irregular anatomy of muscles or ligaments, or inflammation of the blood vessels.
The normal range of blood pressure in the veins is about 10 to 20 mmHg.
The normal range of oxygen saturation in the veins is about 60 to 80%.
The normal range of pulse rate in the veins is about 60 to 100 beats per minute.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are a class of drugs that block the action of angiotensin II, a hormone that causes blood vessels to constrict and raise blood pressure. Examples of ARBs include losartan, valsartan, candesartan, and irbesartan.ARBs are used to treat hypertension, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease.
Choice A is wrong because calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are a class of drugs that prevent calcium from entering the cells of the heart and blood vessels, causing them to relax and lower blood pressure.
Examples of CCBs include amlodipine, diltiazem, verapamil, and nifedipine.CCBs are used to treat hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias.
Choice B is wrong because beta blockers are a class of drugs that reduce the heart rate and force of contraction, lowering the cardiac output and blood pressure.
Examples of beta blockers include atenolol, metoprolol, propranolol, and bisoprolol.Beta blockers are used to treat hypertension, angina, heart failure, and arrhythmias.
Choice C is wrong because platelet inhibitors are a class of drugs that prevent platelets from clumping together and forming blood clots.
Examples of platelet inhibitors include aspirin, clopidogrel, ticagrelor, and prasugrel.Platelet inhibitors are used to prevent or treat cardiovascular events such as heart attack or stroke.
Choice E is wrong because ACE inhibitors are a class of drugs that inhibit the enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, reducing the production of this vasoconstrictor hormone.
Examples of ACE inhibitors include lisinopril, enalapril, ramipril, and captopril.ACE inhibitors are used to treat hypertension, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease.
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