The healthcare provider has ordered 1000 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride to be administered intravenously over 5 hours. The drop factor on the tubing is 15 drops/mL. How many milliliters per hour will you administer and how many drops per minute?

A) Stool softener:
Stool softeners, such as docusate sodium, work by adding moisture to the stool, making it softer and easier to pass. They do not directly stimulate bowel movements or peristalsis through irritation of the bowel lining.

B) Saline/osmotic laxative:
Saline or osmotic laxatives, such as magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), work by drawing water into the intestines, which softens the stool and increases bowel motility. They do not primarily act by irritating the bowel lining.

C) Stimulant laxative.
Stimulant laxatives work by directly stimulating the nerves in the intestines, which increases the rhythmic contractions of the intestines (peristalsis) and promotes bowel movements. These medications irritate the bowel lining, leading to increased motility and expulsion of stool. Examples of stimulant laxatives include bisacodyl and senna.

D) Bulk-forming laxative:
Bulk-forming laxatives, such as psyllium and methylcellulose, work by increasing the bulk and water content of the stool, which stimulates bowel movements. They do not directly irritate the bowel lining to promote peristalsis. Instead, they absorb water and swell in the intestines, creating a larger, softer stool that is easier to pass.

A. Family history: Having a family history of peptic ulcers increases the risk of developing the condition, suggesting a genetic predisposition.

B. Blood type A: There is no direct association between blood type A and peptic ulcer disease.

C. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) intake for pain: Acetaminophen is generally considered safe for pain relief and is not a significant risk factor for peptic ulcer disease. However, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen are known to increase the risk of peptic ulcers.

D. Smoking tobacco: Smoking tobacco is a significant risk factor for peptic ulcer disease. Tobacco use increases stomach acid production, weakens the protective lining of the stomach and duodenum, and impairs the healing of ulcers.

E. Drinking caffeine: While caffeine consumption alone may not directly cause peptic ulcers, excessive intake of caffeinated beverages such as coffee, tea, and soda can aggravate existing ulcers by stimulating stomach acid production and increasing gastric acidity.