The client has cancer and is being treated with chemotherapy. Over the course of the treatments, the client becomes very ill, is experiencing tremendous side effects from the therapy, and has a severe reduction in the quality of life. The specific ethical principle that is in question in this situation is:

C. Regular assessment of the IV site is crucial to detect early signs of infiltration. Signs of infiltration include swelling, coolness, pain, or blanching around the insertion site. Assessing the site allows nurses to intervene promptly if infiltration occurs, preventing further complications such as tissue damage or fluid overload.

A. Flushing the IV catheter with normal saline helps to maintain patency and prevent blockage of the catheter. It also ensures that medications are effectively delivered into the bloodstream. While this action is important for maintaining the function of the IV catheter, it primarily addresses patency rather than preventing infiltration directly.

B. Securing the IV catheter to the extremity with a securement device (such as tape or a transparent dressing) helps prevent accidental dislodgement or movement of the catheter. This reduces the risk of

mechanical irritation at the insertion site, which can contribute to infiltration. Proper securement also ensures that the catheter remains in place during movement or patient activities.

D. Proper technique during catheter insertion helps reduce the risk of infection and subsequent complications, but it also indirectly contributes to preventing infiltration. Contamination during insertion can lead to inflammation or infection at the site, which may increase the risk of infiltration due to compromised tissue integrity.

C. Delirium is often reversible once the underlying cause is identified and treated (e.g., correcting electrolyte imbalances, managing infections, discontinuing medications contributing to delirium). With appropriate intervention, the mental status can improve, and the individual can return to their baseline cognitive function.

A. Dementia, on the other hand, is a chronic, progressive syndrome that primarily affects memory, thinking, behavior, and the ability to perform everyday activities. It does not typically cause acute changes in consciousness.

B. Memory impairment is a hallmark feature of dementia, especially in the early stages. In contrast, delirium primarily affects attention, awareness, and cognition acutely, with memory impairment being variable and not a defining feature.

D. Delirium develops rapidly, often over hours to days, in response to an acute medical condition, medication change, or other factors. It is characterized by a fluctuating course and can resolve once the underlying cause is managed.