The antidote to warfarin toxicity is what?

Vitamin B12.

Vitamin K.

Calcium gluconate.

Protamine sulfate

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

Vitamin K is the antidote for warfarin toxicity because it can reverse the effects of warfarin by restoring the clotting factors. Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant that works by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase, an enzyme that activates vitamin K in the body. Vitamin K is needed for the synthesis of active coagulation factors, such as II, VII, IX and X. By blocking vitamin K, warfarin reduces the blood’s clotting activity and prevents the formation of blood clots.

Choice A is wrong because vitamin B12 is not involved in the coagulation cascade. Vitamin B12 is mainly involved in DNA synthesis, red blood cell production and nerve function.

Choice C is wrong because calcium gluconate is not an antidote for warfarin toxicity. Calcium gluconate is used to treat low blood calcium levels or hypocalcemia. Calcium is also a cofactor for some coagulation factors, but it does not reverse the effects of warfarin.

Choice D is wrong because protamine sulfate is not an antidote for warfarin toxicity.

Protamine sulfate is used to reverse the effects of heparin, another type of anticoagulant that works by inhibiting thrombin and factor Xa.

Protamine sulfate does not affect the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors that are inhibited by warfarin.

Normal ranges for coagulation tests that are affected by warfarin are:

• Prothrombin time (PT): 11 to 13.5 seconds

• International normalized ratio (INR): 0.8 to 1.2

• Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT): 25 to 35 seconds

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

ACE inhibitors are a type of medication used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure. They work by blocking the production of a hormone called angiotensin II, which narrows the blood vessels and increases blood pressure.By preventing this hormone from acting, ACE inhibitors lower blood pressure and reduce the workload on the heart. One of the most common side effects of ACE inhibitors is a dry cough, which occurs in 12–19% of people who take them. The cough is caused by the accumulation of a substance called bradykinin, which is normally broken down by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).When ACE is inhibited, bradykinin levels increase and cause irritation and inflammation in the airways.

Choice A is wrong because decreased white blood cells are not a common side effect of ACE inhibitors.

However, some people may develop a condition called neutropenia, which is a low level of a type of white blood cell called neutrophils.This can increase the risk of infections and may require stopping the medication.

Choice B is wrong because swelling of the face and lips is not a common side effect of ACE inhibitors.

However, some people may develop a rare but serious allergic reaction called angioedema, which is a swelling of the deeper layers of the skin and mucous membranes.

This can affect the face, lips, tongue, throat, or other parts of the body and can cause difficulty breathing or swallowing.Angioedema can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.

Choice D is wrong because renal failure is not a common side effect of ACE inhibitors.

However, some people may experience a decrease in kidney function or an increase in blood levels of creatinine, which is a waste product filtered by the kidneys.

A. Positive chronotropy and negative inotropy. B. Negative inotropy and negative chronotropy. C. Positive inotropy and negative chronotropy. D. Positive inotropy and positive chronotropy.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Positive inotropy and negative chronotropy.Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside that increases the force of the heart contractions (positive inotropy) and slows down the heart rate (negative chronotropy).

Choice A is wrong because positive chronotropy means increasing the heart rate, which is the opposite of what digoxin does.

Choice B is wrong because negative inotropy means decreasing the force of the heart contractions, which is also the opposite of what digoxin does.

Choice D is wrong because positive chronotropy means increasing the heart rate, which is not what digoxin does.

Digoxin is used to treat heart failure and atrial fibrillation, a type of irregular heartbeat.It has a narrow therapeutic window, meaning that the dose must be carefully adjusted to avoid toxicity or ineffectiveness.

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The antidote to warfarin toxicity is what?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Up to one-third of patients who take ACE inhibitors for hypertension report which symptom after beginning therapy?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Digoxin (lanoxin) is a cardiac glycoside that is among the oldest medications used for heart failure. What are its two primary actions?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A common adverse effect from phenazopyridine hydrochloride (Pyridium) administration for UTI that the nurse should teach the patient is that Pyridium:

A nurse in a provider’s office is monitoring blood electrolytes for four clients who take digoxin. Which of the following electrolyte values increases a client’s risk for digoxin toxicity?

The use of diuretics in the treatment of heart failure may lead to what condition?

Which of the following anti-lipidemic drugs are the most potent antilipidemic agents and have proven to lower the risk of Myocardial Infarction?

To prevent urinary tract infection, the nurse must teach the patient the following. Select all that apply.

Which range of systolic blood pressure is classified as stage 1 hypertension?

Digoxin (Lanoxin) is a cardiac glycoside that is among the oldest medications used for heart failure. What are its two primary actions?

Which of the following diuretic agents will the nurse teach the patient to avoid food sources that are high in potassium?