The antidote to warfarin toxicity is what?

Vitamin B12.

Vitamin K.

Calcium gluconate.

Protamine sulfate

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

Vitamin K is the antidote for warfarin toxicity because it can reverse the effects of warfarin by restoring the clotting factors. Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant that works by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase, an enzyme that activates vitamin K in the body. Vitamin K is needed for the synthesis of active coagulation factors, such as II, VII, IX and X. By blocking vitamin K, warfarin reduces the blood’s clotting activity and prevents the formation of blood clots.

Choice A is wrong because vitamin B12 is not involved in the coagulation cascade. Vitamin B12 is mainly involved in DNA synthesis, red blood cell production and nerve function.

Choice C is wrong because calcium gluconate is not an antidote for warfarin toxicity. Calcium gluconate is used to treat low blood calcium levels or hypocalcemia. Calcium is also a cofactor for some coagulation factors, but it does not reverse the effects of warfarin.

Choice D is wrong because protamine sulfate is not an antidote for warfarin toxicity.

Protamine sulfate is used to reverse the effects of heparin, another type of anticoagulant that works by inhibiting thrombin and factor Xa.

Protamine sulfate does not affect the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors that are inhibited by warfarin.

Normal ranges for coagulation tests that are affected by warfarin are:

• Prothrombin time (PT): 11 to 13.5 seconds

• International normalized ratio (INR): 0.8 to 1.2

• Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT): 25 to 35 seconds

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Hypokalemia is a condition of low potassium levels in the blood, which can be caused by diuretics such as furosemide (Lasix) that increase the excretion of potassium in the urine. Potassium is an important electrolyte that helps regulate the function of nerves and muscles, including the heart.Low potassium levels can cause symptoms such as confusion, tremors, muscle cramps, and nausea, which are consistent with the patient’s presentation.

Choice B, renal failure, is wrong because furosemide is used to treat fluid retention and edema caused by kidney disease, not to cause it.Renal failure would also cause symptoms such as decreased urine output, swelling, fatigue, and shortness of breath, which are not mentioned in the question.

Choice C, hyperkalemia, is wrong because hyperkalemia is a condition of high potassium levels in the blood, which can be caused by kidney disease or certain medications that decrease the excretion of potassium in the urine.Hyperkalemia can cause symptoms such as weakness, irregular heartbeat, paralysis, and chest pain, which are different from the patient’s symptoms.

Choice D, heart failure, is wrong because furosemide is also used to treat fluid retention and edema caused by heart failure, not to cause it.Heart failure would also cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, coughing, fatigue, and rapid weight gain, which are not mentioned in the question.

Normal ranges for potassium levels in the blood are 3.5 to 5.0 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L) for adults and 3.4 to 4.7 mEq/L for children.

A level below 3.5 mEq/L is considered hypokalemic and a level above 5.0 mEq/L is considered hyperkalemic.

A. Change position slowly when rising from a chair. B. Maintain a steady intake of green leafy vegetables. C. Consume no more than 1 L/day of fluid. D. Take this medication in the evening.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Simvastatin is a type of drug called a statin, which lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Statins work by reducing the amount of cholesterol made by the liver, and the liver produces more cholesterol at night.Therefore, taking simvastatin in the evening can increase its effectiveness.

Choice A is wrong because changing position slowly when rising from a chair is not related to simvastatin use.

This advice is usually given to people who have low blood pressure or take medications that lower blood pressure, such as diuretics or beta blockers.

Choice B is wrong because maintaining a steady intake of green leafy vegetables is not specific to simvastatin use.

This advice is usually given to people who take anticoagulants, such as warfarin, because green leafy vegetables contain vitamin K, which can affect the blood clotting process.

Choice C is wrong because consuming no more than 1 L/day of fluid is not related to simvastatin use.

This advice is usually given to people who have fluid retention or heart failure, because excess fluid can put strain on the heart and lungs.

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The antidote to warfarin toxicity is what?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A patient with a history of heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Several days after the aggressive diuretic therapy started, the patient began to exhibit confusion, tremors, muscle cramps, and nausea. What does the nurse suspect?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Anu is reinforcing teaching with a client who is starting simvastatin. Which of the following information should the nurse include?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who has a new prescription for digoxin to treat heart failure. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching?

The prescriber orders furosemide 80 mg for a patient who has been retaining extra fluid after surgery. The nurse notes the following: BP of 142/88 (lying) and 108/60 (sitting); daily weight of 154 lb, a 1-lb drop from day before; serum potassium of 2.8 mEq/L. What should the nurse do?

When administering sublingual nitroglycerin for emergency treatment of angina or chest pain, the nurse monitors for which common adverse effect?

Which of the following should be avoided for clients taking ACE Inhibitors?

Which of the following diuretic agents will the nurse teach the patient to avoid food sources that are high in potassium?

In which condition is leg pain produced upon increased activity and ischemia to tissues, but then the pain is reduced with rest?

The greatest contributing factor that can lead to many diseases is what?

A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who has a new prescription for nitroglycerin transdermal patch for angina pectoris. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include?