The antidote to warfarin toxicity is what?

Digibind is the trade name forantidigoxin, which is an antibody made up of anti-digoxin immunoglobulin fragments.It is thespecific antidoteto digoxin toxicity, which can occur even when the serum digoxin concentration is within the therapeutic range.Digoxin toxicity causes anorexia, nausea, vomiting, neurological symptoms and arrhythmias.

Choice A, Protamine sulfate, is wrong because it is the antidote for heparin overdose, not digoxin toxicity.

Protamine sulfate reverses the anticoagulant effect of heparin by binding to it and forming a stable complex.

Choice B, Acetylcysteine, is wrong because it is the antidote for acetaminophen overdose, not digoxin toxicity.

Acetylcysteine replenishes glutathione, which is depleted by acetaminophen metabolites that cause hepatotoxicity.

Choice D, Vitamin K, is wrong because it is the antidote for warfarin overdose, not digoxin toxicity.

Vitamin K restores the synthesis of clotting factors that are inhibited by warfarin.

Normal ranges for serum digoxin concentration are 0.6 to 1.2 nanomol/L (0.5 to 0.9 nanograms/mL) for heart failure and unknown for atrial fibrillation without heart failure.

Normal ranges for serum potassium level are 3.5 to 5.0 mmol/L and for serum magnesium level are 0.7 to 1.0 mmol/L.

This is because potassium sparing diuretics do not lower potassium levels in the blood, unlike some other types of diuretics. Potassium is an important electrolyte that helps regulate nerve and muscle functions, especially the heart. Low potassium levels can cause irregular heartbeats and other problems.Therefore, people who take diuretics should avoid foods that are high in potassium, such as bananas, oranges, tomatoes, and potatoes, unless they are taking potassium sparing diuretics.

Choice A is wrong because thiazide diuretics, such as hydrochlorothiazide, can cause low potassium levels in the blood and increase the risk of arrhythmias.

People who take thiazide diuretics may need to take potassium supplements or eat more potassium-rich foods.

Choice B is wrong because osmotic diuretics, such as mannitol, do not affect potassium levels in the blood.

They work by increasing the amount of water in the urine, but do not alter the electrolyte balance.

Osmotic diuretics are mainly used to treat brain swelling or glaucoma.

Choice D is wrong because loop diuretics, such as lasix, can also cause low potassium levels in the blood and increase the risk of arrhythmias.

People who take loop diuretics may also need to take potassium supplements or eat more potassium-rich foods.

Normal ranges for potassium in the blood are 3.5 to 5.0 millimoles per liter (mmol/L).