The antidote to warfarin toxicity is what?

Vitamin B12.

Vitamin K.

Calcium gluconate.

Protamine sulfate

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

Vitamin K is the antidote for warfarin toxicity because it can reverse the effects of warfarin by restoring the clotting factors. Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant that works by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase, an enzyme that activates vitamin K in the body. Vitamin K is needed for the synthesis of active coagulation factors, such as II, VII, IX and X. By blocking vitamin K, warfarin reduces the blood’s clotting activity and prevents the formation of blood clots.

Choice A is wrong because vitamin B12 is not involved in the coagulation cascade. Vitamin B12 is mainly involved in DNA synthesis, red blood cell production and nerve function.

Choice C is wrong because calcium gluconate is not an antidote for warfarin toxicity. Calcium gluconate is used to treat low blood calcium levels or hypocalcemia. Calcium is also a cofactor for some coagulation factors, but it does not reverse the effects of warfarin.

Choice D is wrong because protamine sulfate is not an antidote for warfarin toxicity.

Protamine sulfate is used to reverse the effects of heparin, another type of anticoagulant that works by inhibiting thrombin and factor Xa.

Protamine sulfate does not affect the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors that are inhibited by warfarin.

Normal ranges for coagulation tests that are affected by warfarin are:

• Prothrombin time (PT): 11 to 13.5 seconds

• International normalized ratio (INR): 0.8 to 1.2

• Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT): 25 to 35 seconds

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

This is because potassium sparing diuretics do not lower potassium levels in the blood, unlike some other types of diuretics. Potassium is an important electrolyte that helps regulate nerve and muscle functions, especially the heart. Low potassium levels can cause irregular heartbeats and other problems.Therefore, people who take diuretics should avoid foods that are high in potassium, such as bananas, oranges, tomatoes, and potatoes, unless they are taking potassium sparing diuretics.

Choice A is wrong because thiazide diuretics, such as hydrochlorothiazide, can cause low potassium levels in the blood and increase the risk of arrhythmias.

People who take thiazide diuretics may need to take potassium supplements or eat more potassium-rich foods.

Choice B is wrong because osmotic diuretics, such as mannitol, do not affect potassium levels in the blood.

They work by increasing the amount of water in the urine, but do not alter the electrolyte balance.

Osmotic diuretics are mainly used to treat brain swelling or glaucoma.

Choice D is wrong because loop diuretics, such as lasix, can also cause low potassium levels in the blood and increase the risk of arrhythmias.

People who take loop diuretics may also need to take potassium supplements or eat more potassium-rich foods.

Normal ranges for potassium in the blood are 3.5 to 5.0 millimoles per liter (mmol/L).

A. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. B. Combination diuretic. C. Beta-adrenergic blocking agent. D. Diet and exercise.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

According to the International Society of Hypertension, lifestyle interventions are recommended for three to six months before medication in patients with grade 1 hypertension (BP < 160/100 mm Hg) and no comorbidities.Diet and exercise can lower BP by reducing weight, sodium intake, alcohol consumption, and stress levels.

Choice A is wrong because angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are not the first-line medication for hypertension in the general population.They are preferred in patients with diabetes, chronic kidney disease, or heart failure.

Choice B is wrong because combination diuretics are not the initial recommendation for hypertension.They are used when monotherapy is not sufficient to achieve the target BP or when there is fluid retention.

Choice C is wrong because beta-adrenergic blocking agents are not the first-line medication for hypertension in the general population.They are preferred in patients with ischemic heart disease, heart failure, or arrhythmias.

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The antidote to warfarin toxicity is what?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Which of the following diuretic agents will the nurse teach the patient to avoid food sources that are high in potassium?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A patient is diagnosed with hypertension. What is the initial recommendation for this patient likely to be?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

The patient with peripheral vascular disease such as Raynaud's disease should avoid what?

The prescriber orders furosemide 80 mg for a patient who has been retaining extra fluid after surgery. The nurse notes the following: BP of 142/88 (lying) and 108/60 (sitting); daily weight of 154 lb, a 1-lb drop from day before; serum potassium of 2.8 mEq/L. What should the nurse do?

In which condition is leg pain produced upon increased activity and ischemia to tissues, but then the pain is reduced with rest?

The antidote to warfarin toxicity is what?

Match the following drug classification with the appropriate drug,

Anu is reinforcing teaching with a client who is starting simvastatin. Which of the following information should the nurse include?

The prescriber orders furosemide 80 mg for a patient who has been retaining extra fluid after surgery. The nurse notes the following: BP of 142/88 (lying) and 108/60 (sitting); daily weight of 154 lb, a 1-lb drop from day before; serum potassium of 2.8 mEq/L. What should the nurse do?

A patient with peripheral vascular disease has been on pentoxifylline (Trental) for 2 weeks. Which statements by the patient indicate no need for further patient teaching about the disease? Select all that apply.