Joint Commission (TJC) requires that a(n)

B. According to Medicare and The Joint Commission guidelines, the use of patient restraints requires a physician's order. The order should specify the reason for the restraint, the type of restraint, and the duration or conditions for its use.

C. Before using restraints, healthcare providers must exhaust all alternative, less restrictive measures to manage the patient's behavior or condition. This could include environmental modifications, reassurance techniques, or pharmacological interventions.

E. Restraints should be removed or released every 2 hours for reevaluation and to provide opportunities for range of motion exercises, toileting, hydration, and skin care. Restraints should not be used continuously without periodic assessment and reevaluation.

A. Punitive measures are not appropriate or effective in the use of patient restraints. Restraints should only be used for medical reasons to ensure patient safety, not as a form of punishment.

D. Inadequate staffing is not a criterion specified for using patient restraints. Restraints should not be used as a substitute for sufficient staffing levels to monitor and manage patient care.

B. Deep breathing and coughing exercises help to maintain lung expansion and prevent atelectasis (collapse of lung tissue), clear secretions from the airways, which can reduce the risk of respiratory infections like pneumonia, improve oxygenation and ventilation-perfusion matching in the lungs. Additionally, deep breathing exercises can stimulate circulation indirectly by improving oxygenation and gas exchange, which can benefit circulatory function.

A. Massaging bony areas can help prevent pressure ulcers (bedsores) in immobile patients, but it does not directly improve respiratory or circulatory functions. While skin integrity is important, it does not address the physiological needs of respiratory and circulatory systems.

C. While nutrition is important for overall health, especially in a nonresponsive client who may not be able to feed themselves orally, tube feedings primarily address nutritional needs and do not directly impact respiratory or circulatory functions. They are important for preventing malnutrition and supporting recovery, but they do not specifically target the goals of improving respiratory or circulatory functions.

D. Changing positions regularly is crucial for preventing complications such as pressure ulcers and maintaining skin integrity. It can also aid in improving circulation by relieving pressure on vulnerable areas and promoting blood flow. Proper positioning can optimize respiratory function by preventing pooling of secretions and improving lung ventilation. Additionally, positional changes encourage movement of the diaphragm and chest wall, which aids in ventilation and gas exchange.