Hyponatremia may be caused by:
Stroke
Dehydration
Increased secretion of aldosterone
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A reason: Stroke is not a cause of hyponatremia, but rather a possible complication of it. Hyponatremia is a condition where the sodium level in the blood is too low, which can affect the brain function and cause symptoms such as confusion, seizures, or coma. Stroke is a condition where the blood supply to a part of the brain is interrupted, which can cause brain damage and neurological deficits.
Choice B reason: Dehydration is not a cause of hyponatremia, but rather a cause of hypernatremia. Dehydration is a condition where the body loses more fluids than it takes in, which can affect the blood volume and the electrolyte balance. Dehydration can cause hypernatremia, which is a condition where the sodium level in the blood is too high, which can also affect the brain function and cause symptoms such as thirst, dry mouth, or lethargy.
Choice C reason: Increased secretion of aldosterone is not a cause of hyponatremia, but rather a cause of hypokalemia. Aldosterone is a hormone that regulates the sodium and potassium levels in the body by increasing the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium in the kidneys. Increased secretion of aldosterone can cause hypokalemia, which is a condition where the potassium level in the blood is too low, which can affect the muscle and nerve function and cause symptoms such as weakness, cramps, or arrhythmias.
Choice D reason: Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a cause of hyponatremia, as it is a condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. This can lead to fluid retention and edema, which can dilute the sodium level in the blood and cause hyponatremia. CHF can also stimulate the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which increases the reabsorption of water in the kidneys and further lowers the sodium level in the blood.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: This is incorrect because respiratory alkalosis is a condition where the blood pH is higher than the normal range of 7.35 to 7.45, due to hyperventilation, which lowers the carbon dioxide in the blood. Severe diarrhea does not cause hyperventilation, but rather dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.
Choice B reason: This is incorrect because metabolic alkalosis is a condition where the blood pH is higher than the normal range of 7.35 to 7.45, due to a loss of acids or an excess of bases in the body. Severe diarrhea does not cause a loss of acids or an excess of bases, but rather a loss of fluids and bicarbonate, which is a base that buffers the acids in the blood.
Choice C reason: This is correct because metabolic acidosis is a condition where the blood pH is lower than the normal range of 7.35 to 7.45, due to an excess of acids or a loss of bases in the body. Severe diarrhea causes a loss of fluids and bicarbonate, which is a base that buffers the acids in the blood. This leads to an accumulation of acids and a decrease in pH.
Choice D reason: This is incorrect because respiratory acidosis is a condition where the blood pH is lower than the normal range of 7.35 to 7.45, due to impaired gas exchange or hypoventilation, which causes carbon dioxide to accumulate in the blood. Severe diarrhea does not affect the respiratory system directly, but rather the metabolic system.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: This is incorrect because polyuria is a sign of hyponatremia, not hypernatremia. Polyuria is the excessive production of urine, which can cause fluid loss and sodium dilution.
Choice B reason: This is correct because dry mucous membranes are a sign of hypernatremia. Dry mucous membranes are caused by dehydration, which can occur in hypernatremia due to fluid shifting from the intracellular to the extracellular space.
Choice C reason: This is incorrect because diarrhea is a sign of hyponatremia, not hypernatremia. Diarrhea is the frequent and watery passage of stool, which can cause fluid and electrolyte loss.
Choice D reason: This is incorrect because intense thirst is a sign of both hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Intense thirst is a result of the body's attempt to restore fluid balance and osmolarity.
Choice E reason: This is incorrect because vomiting is a sign of both hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Vomiting is a reflex action that expels the contents of the stomach, which can cause fluid and electrolyte loss or imbalance.
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