Heartburn is a clinical manifestation of which of the following disorders?

Choice A rationale

Reflex incontinence is typically caused by neurological damage. It occurs when the nerves that control the bladder are damaged, leading to involuntary loss of urine.

Choice B rationale

Overflow incontinence is typically caused by blockage or obstruction of the bladder, or by poor bladder contraction. It is not typically caused by neurological damage.

Choice C rationale

Functional incontinence is typically caused by physical or mental impairments that prevent a person from reaching the toilet in time. It is not typically caused by neurological damage.

Choice D rationale

Stress incontinence is typically caused by physical changes such as childbirth or surgery, or by hormonal changes such as menopause. It is not typically caused by neurological damage.

Choice A rationale

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the small intestine. It is triggered by the consumption of gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. It does not typically cause multiple painless whitish nodules in the mouth.

Choice B rationale

Periodontitis is a severe gum infection that damages the soft tissue and destroys the bone that supports your teeth. It does not typically cause multiple painless whitish nodules in the mouth.

Choice C rationale

Oral cancer can present as multiple painless whitish nodules in the mouth. Risk factors for oral cancer include tobacco use and heavy alcohol consumption.

Choice D rationale

Oral thrush, also known as oral candidiasis, is a condition in which the fungus Candida albicans accumulates on the lining of the mouth. While it can cause white lesions in the mouth, these are typically creamy and can be painful.