Which of the following are clinical manifestations of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Choice A rationale

Stress incontinence is indeed due to physical stress on the bladder, while urge incontinence is due to an overactive bladder. Stress incontinence occurs when the urethral sphincter or pelvic floor muscles are weakened. This can happen due to various reasons such as childbirth, obesity, or prostate surgery. The term “stress” refers to the physical strain associated with leakage. On the other hand, urge incontinence is defined as a sudden involuntary contraction of the muscular wall of the bladder causing urinary urgency, an immediate unstoppable urge to urinate. This is often caused by an overactive bladder.

Choice B rationale

This statement is incorrect. Stress incontinence is not due to an overactive bladder, and urge incontinence is not due to physical stress on the bladder.

Choice C rationale

This statement is also incorrect. While neurological damage can potentially lead to various types of incontinence, it is not the primary cause of stress incontinence. Stress incontinence is primarily due to physical stress on the bladder.

Choice D rationale

This statement is incorrect. While neurological damage can potentially lead to urge incontinence, it is not the primary cause of stress incontinence. Stress incontinence is primarily due to physical stress on the bladder.

Choice A rationale

Overactive bladder is a condition that describes a sudden intense urge to urinate, followed by an involuntary loss of urine. People with an overactive bladder may need to urinate often, including throughout the night.