During the preconception phase, the nurse should teach about which infectious diseases as risk factors for maternal complications? (Select all that apply).

Choice A rationale:
Bronchoscopy is not the essential test for diagnosing cystic fibrosis. Bronchoscopy is a procedure that allows the healthcare provider to visualize the airways and lungs but is not the primary test for cystic fibrosis diagnosis. Cystic fibrosis is primarily diagnosed through genetic testing and sweat chloride testing.
Choice B rationale:
Serum calcium levels are not specific to cystic fibrosis diagnosis. Serum calcium levels are typically used to assess calcium balance in the body and are not directly related to cystic fibrosis diagnosis.
Choice C rationale:
Urine creatinine levels are not specific to cystic fibrosis diagnosis. Urine creatinine levels are often used to assess kidney function and muscle breakdown but are not diagnostic for cystic fibrosis.
Choice D rationale:
Sweat chloride test is essential in establishing the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by the abnormal transport of chloride across cell membranes, leading to salty sweat. The sweat chloride test measures the amount of chloride in the sweat and is a key diagnostic test for cystic fibrosis. Values above a certain threshold (typically 60 mmol/L) are suggestive of cystic fibrosis.

Choice A rationale:
A brilliant, uniform red reflex observed during a funduscopic examination is a normal finding. It indicates the absence of any abnormalities in the retina or lens. A normal red reflex is essential in ruling out serious conditions such as retinoblastoma, cataracts, or other eye abnormalities.
Choice B rationale:
An abnormal red reflex, especially if it is not uniform and brilliant, could indicate underlying eye conditions and would require referral to an ophthalmologist for further evaluation. However, in this scenario, the description provided indicates a normal finding, making this choice incorrect.
Choice C rationale:
A uniform red reflex does not suggest a possible visual defect that requires vision screening. A normal red reflex indicates the absence of significant visual abnormalities, making this choice incorrect.
Choice D rationale:
Small hemorrhages in the eye would not present as a brilliant, uniform red reflex. Hemorrhages typically appear as dark spots or patches and would be an abnormal finding requiring further evaluation. This choice is incorrect in the context of the described scenario.