During the preconception phase, the nurse should teach about which infectious diseases as risk factors for maternal complications? (Select all that apply).

Choice A rationale:

With good control of maternal glucose levels, sudden and unexplained stillbirth is no longer a major concern. While controlling maternal glucose levels is important in diabetic pregnancies, it does not eliminate all risks, including the risk of stillbirth. However, the most significant cause of perinatal loss in diabetic pregnancies is congenital malformations. Poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy can lead to structural abnormalities in the fetus, increasing the risk of perinatal loss.

Choice B rationale:

The most important cause of perinatal loss in diabetic pregnancy is congenital malformations. This is the correct answer. Poorly controlled diabetes increases the risk of congenital malformations in the fetus, making it a significant concern in diabetic pregnancies. Proper management of diabetes and prenatal care are essential to reduce this risk.

Choice C rationale:

Infants of mothers with diabetes have the same risks for respiratory distress syndrome because of careful monitoring. Infants of mothers with diabetes are at an increased risk of respiratory distress syndrome due to delayed lung maturation. Careful monitoring is essential, but it does not eliminate this risk. Proper management and timely interventions are necessary to minimize the impact of respiratory distress syndrome in these infants.

Choice D rationale:

At birth, the neonate of a diabetic mother is no longer at any greater risk. Infants of diabetic mothers are at increased risk for various complications, both during and after birth. These risks include hypoglycemia, respiratory distress syndrome, and hypocalcemia, among others. Close monitoring and appropriate interventions are required to ensure the well-being of the newborn.

Choice A rationale:
Bronchoscopy is not the essential test for diagnosing cystic fibrosis. Bronchoscopy is a procedure that allows the healthcare provider to visualize the airways and lungs but is not the primary test for cystic fibrosis diagnosis. Cystic fibrosis is primarily diagnosed through genetic testing and sweat chloride testing.
Choice B rationale:
Serum calcium levels are not specific to cystic fibrosis diagnosis. Serum calcium levels are typically used to assess calcium balance in the body and are not directly related to cystic fibrosis diagnosis.
Choice C rationale:
Urine creatinine levels are not specific to cystic fibrosis diagnosis. Urine creatinine levels are often used to assess kidney function and muscle breakdown but are not diagnostic for cystic fibrosis.
Choice D rationale:
Sweat chloride test is essential in establishing the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by the abnormal transport of chloride across cell membranes, leading to salty sweat. The sweat chloride test measures the amount of chloride in the sweat and is a key diagnostic test for cystic fibrosis. Values above a certain threshold (typically 60 mmol/L) are suggestive of cystic fibrosis.