Anaphylactic shock is a subgroup of which type of shock?

Hypovolemic

Obstructive

Cardiogenic

Distributive

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

Choice A rationale:

Hypovolemic shock is a type of shock that occurs when there is a significant loss of blood or fluid volume, leading to decreased cardiac output and tissue perfusion. This can be caused by severe bleeding, dehydration, burns, or other conditions that result in fluid loss. While anaphylaxis can involve some fluid shifts, it is not primarily characterized by a loss of blood or fluid volume.

Key features of hypovolemic shock that distinguish it from anaphylactic shock include:

Prominent signs of dehydration: Dry skin and mucous membranes, decreased urine output, sunken eyes, and poor skin turgor.

Hemodynamic changes: Tachycardia, narrow pulse pressure, and cold extremities due to vasoconstriction to maintain blood pressure.

Laboratory findings: Elevated hematocrit and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, indicating hemoconcentration and decreased kidney perfusion.

Choice B rationale:

Obstructive shock is a type of shock that occurs when there is an obstruction to blood flow, preventing adequate circulation to the body's tissues. This can be caused by conditions such as pulmonary embolism, cardiac tamponade, or tension pneumothorax. Anaphylaxis does not involve a physical obstruction to blood flow.

Key features of obstructive shock that distinguish it from anaphylactic shock include:

Evidence of the underlying obstruction: Jugular venous distension (cardiac tamponade), muffled heart sounds (cardiac tamponade), or respiratory distress (pulmonary embolism or tension pneumothorax).

Distinctive hemodynamic changes: Equalization of diastolic pressures between the right and left ventricles (cardiac tamponade).

Specific imaging findings: Enlarged cardiac silhouette on chest X-ray (pericardial effusion), filling defects in the pulmonary arteries on CT angiography (pulmonary embolism), or hyperexpanded lung fields with a deviated trachea on chest X-ray (tension pneumothorax).

Choice C rationale:

Cardiogenic shock is a type of shock that occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. This can be caused by conditions such as heart attack, heart failure, or cardiomyopathy. Anaphylaxis does not primarily involve a failure of the heart's pumping function.

Key features of cardiogenic shock that distinguish it from anaphylactic shock include:

Evidence of heart failure: Pulmonary edema, elevated jugular venous pressure, and a third heart sound (S3 gallop).

Electrocardiogram (ECG) changes: ST-segment elevation or depression, Q waves, or other signs of myocardial ischemia or infarction.

Elevated cardiac enzymes: Troponin and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) levels, indicating heart muscle damage.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A rationale:

Cellular hypoxia occurs when cells do not receive enough oxygen to meet their metabolic demands. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. A hemoglobin level of 10.8 g/dL is below the normal range for adults (14-18 g/dL), indicating that the client has anemia. Anemia reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, which can lead to cellular hypoxia.

Here is a detailed explanation of how anemia can lead to cellular hypoxia:

Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity: Anemia results in fewer red blood cells or reduced hemoglobin levels within those cells. As a consequence, the blood's ability to transport oxygen to the tissues is diminished.

Impaired oxygen delivery: Oxygen is transported to the tissues through the bloodstream, attached to hemoglobin within red blood cells. With fewer red blood cells or reduced hemoglobin, the delivery of oxygen to the tissues is compromised.

Decreased oxygen availability at the cellular level: As oxygen delivery is impaired, less oxygen is available to the cells for metabolic processes. This insufficient oxygen supply leads to cellular hypoxia.

Impaired cellular function: Cells require oxygen to produce energy through a process called aerobic respiration. Cellular hypoxia disrupts this process, leading to impaired cellular function.

Tissue and organ dysfunction: When a significant number of cells within a tissue or organ experience hypoxia, the function of that tissue or organ can be compromised. This can manifest in various symptoms and complications, depending on the affected organs.

Common signs and symptoms of cellular hypoxia:

Fatigue Weakness

Shortness of breath Pale skin

Dizziness Headache Chest pain

Tachycardia (rapid heart rate) Cognitive impairment

Correct Answer is ["50"]

Explanation

Here are the steps to calculate the gtt/min for the manual IV infusion:

Step 1: Convert the infusion time from hours to minutes. 8 hours x 60 minutes/hour = 480 minutes

Step 2: Divide the total volume of fluid (in mL) by the infusion time in minutes to get the mL/min rate. 400 mL ÷ 480 minutes = 0.8333 mL/min

Step 3: Multiply the mL/min rate by the drop factor (gtt/mL) to get the gtt/min rate. 0.8333 mL/min x 60 gtt/mL = 50 gtt/min

Therefore, the nurse should set the manual IV infusion to deliver 50 gtt/min.

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Anaphylactic shock is a subgroup of which type of shock?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is caring for a client who has a hemoglobin of 10.8 g/dL and a hematocrit of 30%. The nurse should expect the client is at risk for which of the following conditions?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A nurse is preparing to administer 400 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride IV over 8 hours. The drop factor of the manual IV tubing is 60 gtt/mL. How many gtt/min should the nurse set the manual IV infusion to deliver? (Input your answer into the blank space, without any units. Numerical value only.)

Correct Answer is ["50"]

Explanation

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