An athlete has been practicing twice a day in the heat and reports being dizzy.
The patient’s vital signs are blood pressure of 100/2 mm Hg, pulse rate of 100 beats/min, and respiratory rate of 26 breaths/min; the patient does not remember the last voiding time.
The skin is cool to touch and pale in color. Which type of shock is the patient experiencing?

Choice A rationale:

Chronic pain can manifest in various behavioral and physical symptoms, including restlessness, pacing, grimacing, and other facial expressions of pain. These behaviors are often unconscious attempts to cope with or distract from the pain.

They may also reflect the emotional distress that often accompanies chronic pain. Patients may feel frustrated, anxious, or even depressed due to the persistent nature of their pain and its impact on their lives.

It's crucial for nurses to recognize these behavioral signs of pain, as patients may not always readily report their pain verbally. By observing these behaviors, nurses can assess the patient's pain level more accurately and provide appropriate interventions.

Choice B rationale:

Chronic pain is defined as pain that persists for longer than three months, often for much longer. It is not limited and short in duration.

This distinguishes it from acute pain, which is typically associated with an injury or illness and resolves within a few days or weeks.

Choice C rationale:

While some patients with chronic pain may have physical signs of tissue injury, this is not always the case. Chronic pain can also be caused by nerve damage, inflammation, or changes in the central nervous system.

In some cases, the underlying cause of chronic pain may be unknown.

Choice D rationale:

Although chronic pain may not always cause a significant change in vital signs, it can still be a very real and debilitating experience for patients.

Vital signs, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate, are often more sensitive to acute pain.

Nurses should not rely solely on vital signs to assess chronic pain. Instead, they should consider the patient's self-report of pain, behavioral cues, and other factors.

Choice A rationale:

Hypovolemic shock is a type of shock that occurs when there is a significant loss of blood or fluid volume, leading to decreased cardiac output and tissue perfusion. This can be caused by severe bleeding, dehydration, burns, or other conditions that result in fluid loss. While anaphylaxis can involve some fluid shifts, it is not primarily characterized by a loss of blood or fluid volume.

Key features of hypovolemic shock that distinguish it from anaphylactic shock include:

Prominent signs of dehydration: Dry skin and mucous membranes, decreased urine output, sunken eyes, and poor skin turgor.

Hemodynamic changes: Tachycardia, narrow pulse pressure, and cold extremities due to vasoconstriction to maintain blood pressure.

Laboratory findings: Elevated hematocrit and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, indicating hemoconcentration and decreased kidney perfusion.

Choice B rationale:

Obstructive shock is a type of shock that occurs when there is an obstruction to blood flow, preventing adequate circulation to the body's tissues. This can be caused by conditions such as pulmonary embolism, cardiac tamponade, or tension pneumothorax. Anaphylaxis does not involve a physical obstruction to blood flow.

Key features of obstructive shock that distinguish it from anaphylactic shock include:

Evidence of the underlying obstruction: Jugular venous distension (cardiac tamponade), muffled heart sounds (cardiac tamponade), or respiratory distress (pulmonary embolism or tension pneumothorax).

Distinctive hemodynamic changes: Equalization of diastolic pressures between the right and left ventricles (cardiac tamponade).

Specific imaging findings: Enlarged cardiac silhouette on chest X-ray (pericardial effusion), filling defects in the pulmonary arteries on CT angiography (pulmonary embolism), or hyperexpanded lung fields with a deviated trachea on chest X-ray (tension pneumothorax).

Choice C rationale:

Cardiogenic shock is a type of shock that occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. This can be caused by conditions such as heart attack, heart failure, or cardiomyopathy. Anaphylaxis does not primarily involve a failure of the heart's pumping function.

Key features of cardiogenic shock that distinguish it from anaphylactic shock include:

Evidence of heart failure: Pulmonary edema, elevated jugular venous pressure, and a third heart sound (S3 gallop).

Electrocardiogram (ECG) changes: ST-segment elevation or depression, Q waves, or other signs of myocardial ischemia or infarction.

Elevated cardiac enzymes: Troponin and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) levels, indicating heart muscle damage.