An athlete has been practicing twice a day in the heat and reports being dizzy.
The patient’s vital signs are blood pressure of 100/2 mm Hg, pulse rate of 100 beats/min, and respiratory rate of 26 breaths/min; the patient does not remember the last voiding time.
The skin is cool to touch and pale in color. Which type of shock is the patient experiencing?

Choice A rationale:

Confidentiality: Patient information stored within the facility's computer system is highly confidential and protected by various laws and regulations, such as HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act). Sharing a password with anyone, even trusted colleagues, could potentially compromise patient privacy and lead to unauthorized access or breaches of sensitive data. Nurses are ethically and legally obligated to safeguard patient confidentiality and uphold the highest standards of privacy protection.

Accountability: Each nurse is held individually accountable for any actions taken under their unique login credentials. Sharing a password blurs the lines of responsibility and makes it difficult to trace actions back to the specific individual who performed them. This can create accountability issues and impede investigations in cases of errors, misconduct, or security breaches.

Security Best Practices: Password sharing is universally discouraged by cybersecurity experts as it significantly weakens system security. Strong passwords, kept confidential and changed regularly, are essential for protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access, malware, and potential cyberattacks.

Facility Policies: Most healthcare facilities have strict policies prohibiting password sharing to maintain compliance with regulations and safeguard patient privacy. Violating these policies could lead to disciplinary action, including termination of employment.

Choice B rationale:

While a nurse manager may have a legitimate need to access patient information in certain situations, sharing a password is not the appropriate method for granting such access. Facilities typically have designated procedures for authorized individuals to obtain temporary or secondary login credentials, ensuring accountability and adherence to security protocols.

Choice C rationale:

Unit clerks, while often responsible for administrative tasks within a unit, do not have a clinical role that necessitates access to patient information through the nurse's password. Sharing a password with a unit clerk could lead to unauthorized access and potential privacy violations.

Choice D rationale:

The facility's information system representative is responsible for maintaining the technical infrastructure of the computer system, but they do not require access to patient information through individual nurse passwords. They have their own authorized means of accessing the system for troubleshooting and maintenance purposes.

Choice B rationale:

Stridor is a high-pitched, whistling sound that is heard during inspiration. It is a sign of upper airway obstruction, indicating a potentially life-threatening complication that requires immediate intervention.

Here's a detailed explanation of why stridor is the most concerning finding and why the other choices are not as indicative of a serious problem:

Stridor:

Mechanism: Stridor occurs when there is narrowing or obstruction of the upper airway, typically at the level of the larynx or trachea. This narrowing can be caused by various factors, including:

Laryngospasm: A sudden constriction of the vocal cords, often triggered by irritation or inflammation. Post-extubation edema: Swelling of the tissues in the airway after removal of the endotracheal tube.

Mucus plugging: Accumulation of thick secretions in the airway, which can partially block airflow.

Vocal cord dysfunction: Impairment of the vocal cords' movement, which can affect their ability to open and close properly.

Significance: Stridor is a serious sign because it indicates that airflow is significantly restricted. If left untreated, upper airway obstruction can lead to hypoxia (low oxygen levels) and respiratory failure.

Nursing intervention: If stridor is present, the nurse should immediately notify the provider and prepare for potential interventions to secure the airway, such as:

Reintubation: Reinserting the endotracheal tube to bypass the obstruction.

Nebulized racemic epinephrine: Medication to reduce swelling in the airway.

Heliox: A mixture of helium and oxygen that can improve airflow through a narrowed airway. Steroids: Medications to reduce inflammation in the airway.

Crackles (Choice A):

Description: Crackles are rattling, crackling sounds heard in the lungs, often during inspiration. They are typically associated with lower airway problems, such as pneumonia or pulmonary edema.

Significance: While crackles can indicate respiratory issues, they are not as immediately concerning as stridor in the context of post-extubation care.

Strong cough (Choice C):

Significance: A strong cough is generally a positive sign after extubation, as it indicates that the patient is able to clear secretions from their airway effectively.

Deep breathing (Choice D):

Significance: Deep breathing is also a positive sign, as it promotes lung expansion and oxygenation.