An older patient comes into the clinic complaining of watery diarrhea for several days with abdominal and muscle cramping. The nurse realizes that this patient is demonstrating which imbalance?

Hyperkalemia

Hyponatremia

Fluid volume excess

Hypernatremia

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

Choice A: Hyperkalemia is not an imbalance that this patient is demonstrating, because this condition occurs when the blood potassium level is too high. This can happen in patients who have renal failure, acidosis, or excessive potassium intake. Hyperkalemia can cause muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias, and paralysis.

Choice B: Hyponatremia is an imbalance that this patient is demonstrating, because this condition occurs when the blood sodium level is too low. This can happen in patients who have watery diarrhea, which causes the loss of sodium and water from the body. Hyponatremia can cause abdominal and muscle cramping, nausea, confusion, and seizures.

Choice C: Fluid volume excess is not an imbalance that this patient is demonstrating, because this condition occurs when the body retains more ﬂuid than it excretes. This can happen in patients who have heart failure, kidney failure, or excessive ﬂuid intake. Fluid volume excess can cause edema, distended neck veins, and crackles in the lungs.

Choice D: Hypernatremia is not an imbalance that this patient is demonstrating, because this condition occurs when the blood sodium level is too high. This can happen in patients who have dehydration, diabetes insipidus, or excessive sodium intake. Hypernatremia can cause thirst, dry mucous membranes, agitation, and coma.

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Correct Answer is ["A","E"]

Explanation

Choice A: Calcium-containing antacids are prescribed for patients with high serum phosphate levels, because calcium binds with phosphate and lowers its concentration in the blood. Calcium-containing antacids also help to prevent or treat hypocalcemia, which is a common complication of hyperphosphatemia.

Choice B: Increased vitamin D intake is not prescribed for patients with high serum phosphate levels, because vitamin D enhances the absorption of both calcium and phosphate from the intestines. Increased vitamin D intake can worsen hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia.

Choice C: Potassium phosphate is not prescribed for patients with high serum phosphate levels, because potassium phosphate is a source of phosphate that increases its concentration in the blood. Potassium phosphate can also cause hyperkalemia, which is a dangerous condition that aﬀects the heart rhythm.

Choice D: Additional milk intake is not prescribed for patients with high serum phosphate levels, because milk is rich in both calcium and phosphate. Additional milk intake can worsen hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia.

Choice E: IV normal saline is prescribed for patients with high serum phosphate levels, because normal saline helps to dilute the blood and lower the concentration of phosphate. Normal saline also helps to maintain ﬂuid and electrolyte balance in the body.

A. Limit intake of canned soups. B. Choose botled salad dressings. C. Choose diet sodas over botled water. D. Replace processed meats with fresh meat products. E. Read labels on foods before eating.

Correct Answer is ["A","D","E"]

Explanation

Choice A: Limit intake of canned soups is correct because canned soups are high in sodium and can increase blood
pressure and ﬂuid retention. The nurse should advise the client to choose low-sodium or homemade soups instead.

Choice B: Choose botled salad dressings is incorrect because botled salad dressings are also high in sodium and can have added sugars and fats. The nurse should advise the client to make their own salad dressings with vinegar, oil, herbs, and spices.

Choice C: Choose diet sodas over botled water is incorrect because diet sodas are not a healthy alternative to water. Diet sodas contain artificial sweeteners, caﬀeine, and phosphoric acid, which can aﬀect the body's pH balance and calcium absorption. The nurse should advise the client to drink plain water or ﬂavored water with natural ingredients.

Choice D: Replace processed meats with fresh meat products is correct because processed meats such as bacon, ham, sausage, and hot dogs are high in sodium and preservatives. The nurse should advise the client to choose fresh meat products such as chicken, turkey, fish, or lean beef.

Choice E: Read labels on foods before eating is correct because reading labels can help the client identify the sodium content and other ingredients in foods. The nurse should advise the client to look for foods that have less than 140 mg of sodium per serving and avoid foods that have salt, sodium, or monosodium glutamate (MSG) in the ingredient list.

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An older patient comes into the clinic complaining of watery diarrhea for several days with abdominal and muscle cramping. The nurse realizes that this patient is demonstrating which imbalance?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A patient has a serum phosphate level of 4.7 mg/dL. Which treatments should the nurse expect to be prescribed for this patient? Select all that apply.

Correct Answer is ["A","E"]

Explanation

A nurse is teaching a client who is on a low-sodium diet. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include? (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer is ["A","D","E"]

Explanation

A nurse is reviewing a client's laboratory values and discovers the client has a serum potassium of 6.2 mEq/L. Which of the following interventions should the nurse anticipate?

A nurse is assessing a client who has chronic kidney disease for ﬂuid volume increase. Which of the following provides a reliable measure of ﬂuid retention?

A nurse is reviewing the laboratory results of a client who has ﬂuid volume deficit. The nurse would expect which of the following findings?

A nurse is reviewing the laboratory values of a client who has respiratory acidosis. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect?

A patient with atrial fibrillation and a serum potassium level of 3.0 mEq/L takes digoxin (Lanoxin), ASA (aspirin), KCL (potassium chloride) and warfarin (Coumadin) daily. The patient reports visual disturbances. The nurse suspects problems with which medication?

A patient's blood gases show a pH of 7.53 and bicarbonate level of 36 mEq/L. The nurse realizes that the patient is demonstrating which acid-base disorder?

A nurse is caring for a patient whose sodium level is 118 mEq/L. Which nursing diagnosis is a priority for this patient?

A patient with chronic renal failure has an occluded arteriovenous fistula, and routine hemodialysis is delayed. However, the patient's serum potassium level is 6.0 mEq/L. What should the nurse expect to be prescribed for this patient? (Select all that apply.)