An older client with osteoarthritis reports increasing pain and stiffness in the right knee and asks how to reduce these symptoms. In responding to the client, the nurse recognizes what pathology as the cause of the symptoms?

At risk of hypovolemia

D. Total blood loss of 800 mL

A total blood loss of 800 mL indicates significant hemorrhage, which puts the client at risk for hypovolemia (low blood volume). While exact definitions may vary, typically, blood loss exceeding 500 mL postpartum is considered significant and increases the risk of hypovolemia if not managed appropriately.

F. 200 mL blood loss

While 200 mL of blood loss is within the normal range for immediate postpartum period, it still represents a loss of blood that, if ongoing, could potentially lead to hypovolemia if not monitored closely.

Condition has improved

A. Fundus massaged until firm and at umbilicus

Massaging the fundus until it is firm and at the umbilicus helps ensure uterine contraction, which reduces the risk of excessive bleeding and promotes hemostasis. This indicates that uterine tone is adequate, which is a positive sign.

C. Straight catheter produced 500 mL clear yellow urine

The passage of 500 mL of clear yellow urine indicates adequate renal perfusion and hydration status, suggesting that the client's fluid balance is being maintained or improved, which is important in preventing hypovolemia.

E. Blood pressure of 110/80 mm Hg, heart rate of 66 beats/minute, oxygen saturation at 98% on room air

Stable vital signs with normal blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation indicate adequate perfusion and oxygenation. This suggests that the client's condition is stable and not immediately at risk for hypovolemia.

G. Fundus remains firm with slight lochia noted on pad

A firm fundus with slight lochia (postpartum vaginal discharge) indicates ongoing normal involution (shrinking) of the uterus with minimal bleeding. This suggests that the client's uterus is contracting well, which is favorable for preventing hypovolemia.

Rationale

A. This comment suggests that the client is aware of the correct technique (inhaling and holding breath) but finds it difficult to execute properly. It indicates a partial understanding of the inhaler technique but potential difficulty in coordination.

B. This comment indicates a misunderstanding of the purpose of a rescue inhaler. Rescue inhalers are intended to be used promptly at the onset of symptoms to relieve acute shortness of breath. Delaying use until symptoms are severe may result in inadequate relief and worsening of respiratory distress.

C. This comment suggests that the client may be swallowing the medication instead of inhaling it into the lungs. Inhalers are meant to deliver medication directly into the lungs through inhalation, not swallowing. Swallowing the medication can lead to gastrointestinal side effects like nausea.

D. Shaking the inhaler before use is a correct step to ensure proper dispersion of the medication. This comment indicates the client understands and follows this part of the inhaler technique correctly.