An older adult client who is having difficulty passing urine is found to have elevated levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The nurse understands that this finding indicates which of the following?

The client has a harmful gene mutation which puts him at a higher risk for cancer in the future.

The client will need additional testing to determine if he has cancer.

The client has prostate cancer.

The client has benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

A.   PSA levels themselves do not indicate a gene mutation. Elevated PSA levels are primarily associated with prostate conditions rather than genetic mutations. While certain genetic mutations can predispose individuals to prostate cancer, PSA alone does not diagnose genetic mutations.
B.   Elevated PSA levels can indicate the possibility of prostate cancer, but further testing is necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Additional tests may include a digital rectal exam (DRE), imaging studies (such as ultrasound or MRI), and a prostate biopsy.
C.   Elevated PSA levels can suggest prostate cancer, but they do not definitively diagnose it. Prostate cancer can only be confirmed through a biopsy that identifies cancerous cells in the prostate tissue.
D.   BPH is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that commonly occurs in older men. While BPH can cause urinary symptoms similar to prostate cancer, elevated PSA levels are not typically associated with BPH alone. PSA elevation is more specific to prostate cancer but can also occur with other prostate conditions.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Hypernatremia can indicate dehydration or other electrolyte imbalances. Furosemide can further affect electrolyte balance, especially sodium and potassium. However, this sodium level is only slightly elevated and may not necessarily require immediate action regarding furosemide administration.
B. Furosemide is a diuretic that can further decrease blood pressure due to its effects on fluid volume reduction. Administering it to a patient with already low blood pressure could potentially lead to significant hypotension and compromise perfusion to vital organs.
C. While incontinence itself may not directly contraindicate furosemide administration, it could indicate underlying issues such as bladder dysfunction or fluid overload that need further evaluation. This finding alone would not necessarily require holding the medication, but it warrants further assessment and consideration in the clinical context.
D. Normal serum potassium levels typically range from 3.5-5.0 mEq/L. A level of 5.3 mEq/L indicates hyperkalemia (elevated potassium). While this potassium level is mildly elevated, it would not be a reason on its own to hold furosemide. Monitoring potassium levels closely and potentially adjusting potassium

A. Atrial flutter B. Atrial fibrillation C. Unstable angina D. Premature atrial contractions (PACS)

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Atrial flutter typically presents with a regular atrial rate (usually around 250-350 beats per minute) and a characteristic "sawtooth" pattern of flutter waves (F-waves) on the ECG. This condition would not present with irregular ventricular rates and is less likely based on the ECG findings described.

B. Atrial fibrillation is identified by an irregularly irregular rhythm and the absence of P-waves on the ECG, which is replaced by erratic activity.
C. Unstable angina presents with chest pain or discomfort due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscles, usually related to atherosclerotic plaque rupture or erosion. It does not cause the ECG findings described (absence of P-waves and irregular ventricular rate).
D. PACs are early atrial depolarizations that can cause palpitations but do not typically result in the absence of P-waves or irregular ventricular rates as described in the scenario.

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An older adult client who is having difficulty passing urine is found to have elevated levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The nurse understands that this finding indicates which of the following?

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A client in an urgent care clinic is complaining of heart palpitations, fatigue, and shortness of breath. A 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) shows no discernable P-waves, and an irregular ventricular rate. The nurse should understand that this finding represents which of the following conditions?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A nurse is assessing a client who has asthma. Which of the following areas should the nurse evaluate as the most reliable indicator of central cyanosis?

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A nurse on a telemetry unit receives change-of-shift report on four clients. Which of the following clients should the nurse assess first?

The nurse is performing an admission assessment on a client who is being admitted for right- sided heart failure. Which statement made by the patient would be consistent with right-sided heart failure?

A nurse is providing education to a client who has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and will begin using fluticasone by metered dose inhaler every 12 hours for maintenance. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include?

An older adult client who is having difficulty passing urine is found to have elevated levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The nurse understands that this finding indicates which of the following?

A nurse is providing education to a client who has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and will begin using fluticasone by metered dose inhaler every 12 hours for maintenance. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include?

A nurse is assessing a client who has Guillain-Barre Syndrome, and notes that the client's breathing is shallow and the client is short of breath. The nurse understands that that the client's respiratory distress is caused by which of the following?