A nurse is discussing treatments and interventions with a client who has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which of the following would assist in preventing exacerbations?

Limiting fluids during meals

Influenza vaccination

Pursed-lip breathing

Using the tripod position

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

A.   This option is not directly related to preventing exacerbations in COPD. While managing fluid intake may be important for individuals with certain cardiovascular or renal conditions, it is not a recognized strategy for preventing COPD exacerbations.
B.   Influenza vaccination is highly recommended for individuals with COPD. Respiratory infections, such as influenza (flu), can trigger exacerbations in COPD. By receiving an annual influenza vaccine, the client can reduce the risk of developing influenza-related exacerbations and complications.
C.   Pursed-lip breathing is a breathing technique that can help improve ventilation and decrease the work of breathing for individuals with COPD. It can be beneficial during exacerbations or episodes of dyspnea (shortness of breath). While it does not directly prevent exacerbations, it is a useful technique to manage symptoms and potentially reduce the severity of exacerbations.
D.   The tripod position, where a person leans forward with hands supported on their knees or another surface, can help COPD patients during exacerbations by allowing better chest expansion and improving breathing mechanics. It can relieve dyspnea and help stabilize breathing. While it does not prevent exacerbations, it is a helpful technique during episodes of increased respiratory distress.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. PSA levels themselves do not indicate a gene mutation. Elevated PSA levels are primarily associated with prostate conditions rather than genetic mutations. While certain genetic mutations can predispose individuals to prostate cancer, PSA alone does not diagnose genetic mutations.
B. Elevated PSA levels can indicate the possibility of prostate cancer, but further testing is necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Additional tests may include a digital rectal exam (DRE), imaging studies (such as ultrasound or MRI), and a prostate biopsy.
C. Elevated PSA levels can suggest prostate cancer, but they do not definitively diagnose it. Prostate cancer can only be confirmed through a biopsy that identifies cancerous cells in the prostate tissue.
D. BPH is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that commonly occurs in older men. While BPH can cause urinary symptoms similar to prostate cancer, elevated PSA levels are not typically associated with BPH alone. PSA elevation is more specific to prostate cancer but can also occur with other prostate conditions.

A. Barrel chest B. Clubbing of the fingers C. Destruction of the alveoli D. Peripheral edema

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Barrel chest is a physical finding commonly associated with COPD due to hyperinflation of the lungs. It results from chronic air trapping and enlargement of the chest. While barrel chest is not directly caused by cor pulmonale, it is a characteristic feature of advanced COPD.
B. Clubbing of the fingers is not directly caused by cor pulmonale. It is typically associated with chronic hypoxia, which can occur in advanced lung diseases like COPD. Clubbing involves changes in the shape and texture of the nails and fingertips due to chronic lack of oxygen in the blood.
C. Destruction of the alveoli is a hallmark of emphysema, which is a type of COPD. Emphysema leads to loss of lung tissue elasticity and surface area, contributing to chronic airflow limitation. While emphysema is a risk factor for developing cor pulmonale, destruction of alveoli itself does not directly cause cor pulmonale.
D. Peripheral edema is a manifestation caused by cor pulmonale. When the right side of the heart fails (cor pulmonale), it leads to increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation, which can eventually cause fluid to leak out into the tissues, resulting in peripheral edema. This is a consequence of the right heart's inability to effectively pump blood forward due to pulmonary hypertension and subsequent right ventricular failure.

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A nurse is discussing treatments and interventions with a client who has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which of the following would assist in preventing exacerbations?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

An older adult client who is having difficulty passing urine is found to have elevated levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The nurse understands that this finding indicates which of the following?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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