A nurse is discussing treatments and interventions with a client who has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which of the following would assist in preventing exacerbations?

A. A vegetarian diet typically does not directly contribute to bronchoconstriction. In fact, a diet rich in fruits and vegetables may provide antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds that can be beneficial for respiratory health. Therefore, this option is less likely to be a cause of the client's bronchoconstriction.
B. Rosuvastatin (and other statins) are generally well-tolerated, but some individuals may experience respiratory side effects, including cough or shortness of breath. However, bronchoconstriction as a direct side effect of statins is uncommon and typically not a primary concern unless there is a rare hypersensitivity reaction.
C. Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker that can lead to bronchoconstriction, particularly in individuals with asthma or other respiratory conditions. Beta-blockers can block beta-2 receptors in the lungs, potentially causing constriction of the airways and worsening of respiratory symptoms.
D. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is generally considered safe and does not typically cause bronchoconstriction. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that works differently from medications like beta-blockers, which directly affect the airways.

A. During chemotherapy, many patients experience nausea, vomiting, and changes in taste or appetite. Spicy and highly-seasoned foods can exacerbate gastrointestinal symptoms and may not be well tolerated. It's generally recommended to encourage bland, easy-to-digest foods to help maintain adequate nutrition and reduce discomfort.
B. Loperamide is not used to prevent nausea; rather, it is an antidiarrheal medication used to treat diarrhea, which can be a side effect of chemotherapy. Nausea prevention is typically managed with antiemetic medications such as ondansetron, metoclopramide, or others prescribed based on the patient's specific needs and chemotherapy regimen.
C. Pain management is an essential aspect of caring for oncology patients, including those receiving chemotherapy. Cancer and its treatment can cause pain directly or indirectly (such as from procedures or complications). Regular and thorough pain assessments allow for timely intervention and improvement in the client's comfort and quality of life.
D. Chemotherapy medications are typically administered through central venous access devices (e.g., central lines, PICC lines) rather than through peripheral veins. This is because chemotherapy drugs can be vesicants (causing tissue damage if they leak out of the vein) or irritants to smaller peripheral veins.
Using a larger gauge peripheral line (e.g., 18 gauge) is not standard practice for administering chemotherapy due to the potential risks and complications associated with peripheral administration.