An increase in which of the following is a result of stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system?

A. Evaporation is the process by which heat is lost as a liquid (like sweat) turns into a gas. This is not applicable in the case of submersion in cold water, as evaporation only occurs when moisture is on the skin and exposed to air.

B. Convection refers to the transfer of heat through the movement of air or fluids. While cold water can create a convection effect on the body, the primary heat loss in water is due to conduction rather than convection.

C. Conduction is the direct transfer of heat from one substance to another through physical contact. When the body is submerged in cold water, heat is lost to the water through conduction, as the colder water draws heat away from the body.

D. Radiation refers to heat loss through infrared radiation, typically when the body releases heat into the surrounding air. This is not the primary method of heat loss in cold water.

A. The frontal lobe is responsible for higher cognitive functions, including emotional regulation, problem-solving, decision-making, and controlling emotional responses. A frontal-lobe injury can impair emotional stability, making it difficult for the individual to manage emotions appropriately. This is the correct answer.

B. Speech comprehension is primarily associated with the temporal lobe, particularly in areas like Wernicke’s area, not the frontal lobe.

C. Vision is processed in the occipital lobe, so a frontal-lobe injury would not typically affect vision.

D. Swallowing involves motor control that is often linked to the brainstem, not the frontal lobe.