A patient with a history of renal failure presents with confusion. This altered mental status is characteristic of

Hydronephrosis, in which there is increased cerebral edema.

Uremic encephalopathy, caused by excess circulating urea that irritates and inflames the brain.

Metabolic alkalosis, which develops from over-secretion of HCO3 (bicarbonate).

Hypotension caused by hypophosphatemia.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

A. Hydronephrosis may lead to renal dysfunction but does not directly explain the altered mental status or confusion in this context.

B. Uremic encephalopathy occurs due to the accumulation of waste products, particularly urea, in the bloodstream, which can lead to neurotoxicity and confusion.

C. Metabolic alkalosis does not typically cause confusion; it is more related to acid-base disturbances and does not develop from over-secretion of bicarbonate in renal failure.

D. Hypotension due to hypophosphatemia is not a common cause of confusion, and while electrolyte imbalances can affect mental status, this option does not directly connect with renal failure.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. An expiratory wheeze with a PCO₂ of 36 (within normal range) does not typically indicate respiratory failure.

B. A respiratory rate of 42 and a low oxygen saturation (SO₂) of 79% indicate hypoxemia and respiratory distress, which are hallmarks of respiratory failure.

C. A respiratory rate of 24 with a pH of 7.46 suggests mild hyperventilation or anxiety rather than respiratory failure.

D. A barking cough and a PO₂ of 90 are not indicative of respiratory failure; PO₂ of 90 is within normal limits.

A. thickening of the bronchial walls, large amount of thick secretions, entrapped air. B. chronic inflammation, thin secretions, and chronic infection. C. chronic inflammation and decreased surface area of the alveolocapillary membrane. D. respiratory alkalosis, decreased PCO2, and increased PO2.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Chronic bronchitis leads to airway obstruction due to thickened bronchial walls and excess mucus production, resulting in entrapped air and impaired gas exchange.

B. While chronic inflammation is a component, thin secretions are not characteristic of chronic bronchitis; they are typically thick.

C. Decreased surface area of the alveolocapillary membrane is more relevant in emphysema, not specifically in chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways.

D. Respiratory alkalosis and decreased PCO2 are not indicative of chronic bronchitis; instead, respiratory acidosis is often seen due to airway obstruction and retention of CO2.

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A patient with a history of renal failure presents with confusion. This altered mental status is characteristic of

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