A young girl with a history of asthma is brought to her family nurse practitioner (FNP). The child is wheezing and has prolonged expirations. The basic etiology of her signs and symptoms (S&S) includes:

use of accessory muscles for breathing.

bronchial-lining swelling that prevents ease of exhalation.

destruction of elastic recoil properties of the lungs.

difficulty with inhalation due to stiff alveoli that have filled with fluid.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

A. Accessory muscle use is a response to respiratory distress, not the underlying cause of asthma symptoms.

B. Asthma causes inflammation and swelling of the bronchial lining, which narrows the airways and makes it difficult to exhale air from the lungs, leading to prolonged expiration and wheezing.

C. Destruction of elastic recoil is associated with chronic lung conditions like emphysema, not asthma.

D. Stiff alveoli and fluid-filled lungs are more characteristic of restrictive lung diseases or pulmonary edema, not asthma.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Increased hydrostatic pressure and twisted surface veins are characteristic of varicose veins, not DVT.

B. Venous congestion and edema may be symptoms of DVT but are not primary causes.

C. DVT commonly results from Virchow's triad: venous stasis, hypercoagulability, and injury to the vessel wall, which create an environment for clot formation in deep veins.

D. Plaque rupture, thrombus formation, and infarction are more relevant to arterial conditions, like atherosclerosis, rather than DVT.

A. Hydronephrosis, in which there is increased cerebral edema. B. Uremic encephalopathy, caused by excess circulating urea that irritates and inflames the brain. C. Metabolic alkalosis, which develops from over-secretion of HCO3 (bicarbonate). D. Hypotension caused by hypophosphatemia.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Hydronephrosis may lead to renal dysfunction but does not directly explain the altered mental status or confusion in this context.

B. Uremic encephalopathy occurs due to the accumulation of waste products, particularly urea, in the bloodstream, which can lead to neurotoxicity and confusion.

C. Metabolic alkalosis does not typically cause confusion; it is more related to acid-base disturbances and does not develop from over-secretion of bicarbonate in renal failure.

D. Hypotension due to hypophosphatemia is not a common cause of confusion, and while electrolyte imbalances can affect mental status, this option does not directly connect with renal failure.

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A young girl with a history of asthma is brought to her family nurse practitioner (FNP). The child is wheezing and has prolonged expirations. The basic etiology of her signs and symptoms (S&S) includes:

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