A patient has started taking clopidogrel (Plavix) after experiencing a transient ischemic attack. What adverse effects are associated with this drug? (Select all that apply)

A. "The anticoagulant effect of a single dose of aspirin can last for as long as a month." This statement is incorrect. While aspirin has antiplatelet effects that inhibit blood clot formation, its duration of action is not as long as a month. Aspirin irreversibly inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), thereby inhibiting platelet aggregation. However, the effects on platelet function are not permanent, and platelets turnover within a few days, thus the anticoagulant effect of a single dose of aspirin typically lasts for a shorter duration.

B. "The anticoagulant effect of a single dose of aspirin can last for as long as a day." Aspirin's primary effect is on platelets, not directly on overall blood clotting. It inhibits the COX enzyme, reducing the production of thromboxane A2, a chemical that promotes platelet aggregation. The initial inhibition of platelet function is strongest within the first 24 hours after taking aspirin. However, the affected platelets remain dysfunctional for their entire lifespan (around 7-10 days).

C. "The anticoagulant effect of a single dose of aspirin can last for as long as a week." This statement is correct. Aspirin's effect on platelets is due to its irreversible inhibition of the COX enzyme. Platelets have a lifespan of about 7-10 days. Once a platelet is affected by aspirin, it cannot regain its function. As your body continuously produces new platelets, the overall antiplatelet effect gradually diminishes over time.

D. "The anticoagulant effect of a single dose of aspirin can last for as long as 12 hours."

Rationale: This statement is partially correct. The antiplatelet effect of aspirin does not typically last as short as 12 hours. While the peak inhibition of platelet function occurs within hours after administration, the duration of action is longer due to the irreversible inhibition of COX-1. However, stating that it lasts exactly 12 hours may not be entirely accurate for all individuals, as the duration of action can vary depending on factors such as individual metabolism and dose.

To find the volume of amoxicillin solution the nurse needs to administer, we can divide the desired dose (300 mg) by the concentration of the solution (250 mg/5 mL).

Here's the calculation:

Amoxicillin volume (mL) = Desired dose (mg) / Concentration (mg/mL) Amoxicillin volume (mL) = 300 mg / 250 mg/5 mL

Since we're dividing by a fraction, it's mathematically equivalent to multiply by the reciprocal of the fraction. The reciprocal of 250 mg/5 mL is 5 mL/250 mg.

Amoxicillin volume (mL) = 300 mg * (5 mL / 250 mg)

Cancel out the milligrams (mg) units:

Amoxicillin volume (mL) = 300 mg / 250 mg * 5 mL

Amoxicillin volume (mL) = 1.2 mL (rounded to one decimal place)

However, since we are dealing with medication, it's best to round to the nearest whole number for accuracy in administering the dose.

Therefore, the nurse should administer 6.0 mL of amoxicillin oral solution.