A nurse manager is leading a discussion about ethical dilemmas. Which of the following situations should the nurse manager include as an example of an ethical dilemma?

a. Root cause analysis:

Root cause analysis is a method used to identify the underlying causes of problems or adverse events. It involves systematically investigating an issue to determine the primary factors that contributed to its occurrence. Root cause analysis aims to identify not only the immediate causes but also the underlying systemic or process-related factors that led to the problem.

b. Benchmarking:

Benchmarking involves comparing an organization's performance, processes, or outcomes to those of other organizations or industry standards that are recognized as leaders or best practices. It allows organizations to identify areas for improvement by learning from the successes and best practices of others. Benchmarking can help organizations set performance targets, improve processes, and achieve excellence in various areas.

c. Risk benefit analysis:

Risk-benefit analysis is a method used to evaluate the potential risks and benefits associated with a decision, action, or intervention. It involves assessing the likelihood and severity of potential risks and comparing them to the expected benefits or outcomes. Risk-benefit analysis helps decision-makers weigh the advantages and disadvantages of different options to make informed decisions that maximize benefits while minimizing risks.

d. Structure audit:

A structure audit is an evaluation of the organizational structure, policies, procedures, and resources in place within an organization. It assesses the adequacy and effectiveness of the organizational infrastructure in supporting the delivery of services or achieving organizational goals. Structure audits help identify strengths and weaknesses in the organization's structure and processes, providing insights into areas that may require improvement or enhancement.

A. The client covers electrical cords with a throw rug: This action is unsafe. Placing a throw rug over electrical cords poses a fire hazard and could lead to tripping. Electrical cords should be secured and kept out of walkways to prevent accidents.

B. The client set the water heater to 49 degrees Celsius (120 degrees Fahrenheit): The water heater should be set to a maximum temperature of 49°C (120°F) to prevent scalding injuries, which are a concern for older adults whose skin may be more sensitive. Temperatures higher than this increase the risk of burns.

C. The client has the refrigerator set to 7.2 degrees Celsius (45 degrees Fahrenheit): This temperature is too high. A refrigerator should be set at or below 4°C (40°F) to properly preserve food and prevent bacterial growth. Setting the refrigerator to 7.2°C (45°F) can result in foodborne illnesses.

D. The client has a standard height toilet seat in the bathroom: This may be inadequate for older adults, particularly those with mobility issues. A raised toilet seat may be recommended for better comfort and safety, as it reduces the risk of falls while sitting down or standing up.