A nurse is teaching a newly licensed nurse about wearing medical masks. Which of the following statements should the nurse include?

A. Episodes of confusion could indicate various issues, such as metabolic disturbances, disease progression affecting the central nervous system, or medication side effects. However, confusion alone would not typically lead to an increase in morphine dosage. Therefore, this is not a likely explanation for why the client needed more morphine for pain relief.
B. Tolerance occurs when the body adapts to the effects of a medication over time, requiring higher doses to achieve the same therapeutic effect. This is a common phenomenon with opioids like morphine when used long-term for pain management. If the client's pain relief diminished despite increasing the dose, tolerance to morphine could indeed be the reason why higher doses were needed.
C. Addiction is a psychological and physiological dependence on a substance characterized by compulsive drug-seeking behavior and use despite harmful consequences. Addiction is not typically the reason why a client with terminal cancer would require an increased dose of morphine for pain relief. In this context, the focus is on managing pain rather than addiction.
D. If the client has not been adhering to the prescribed dosing schedule or has missed doses, it could result in inadequate pain control. This might necessitate an increase in morphine dosage to achieve adequate pain relief. However, this scenario would require further assessment to confirm.

A. Hoarseness or changes in voice quality is one of the hallmark symptoms of laryngeal cancer. It occurs due to the tumor affecting the vocal cords or surrounding structures. Hoarseness is often persistent and does not resolve with voice rest or usual treatments for laryngitis.
B. Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, can occur in laryngeal cancer, especially if the tumor affects the structures involved in swallowing. However, dysphagia typically occurs later in the course of the disease as the tumor grows and obstructs the passage of food or liquids.
C. Weight loss can be a symptom of advanced laryngeal cancer but is less commonly reported as an early manifestation. Significant weight loss may occur as a result of difficulty eating due to dysphagia or as a generalized effect of cancer on the body.
D. Dyspnea, or difficulty breathing, is not typically an early manifestation of laryngeal cancer unless the tumor is large and obstructs the airway. It is more commonly associated with advanced disease or tumors that have spread to nearby structures.