A nurse is teaching a newly licensed nurse about palliative care. Which of the following information should the nurse include?

A. Increased blood pressure:
In hypovolemia, the body experiences a significant loss of blood volume, which leads to a reduction in the amount of blood available to circulate through the vessels. This causes a drop in blood pressure, known as hypotension, rather than an increase. The body tries to compensate for the lower blood volume by constricting blood vessels and increasing heart rate, but this typically isn't sufficient to increase blood pressure to normal levels.

B. Decreased heart rate:
The body's natural response to hypovolemia includes an increase in heart rate, known as tachycardia, as the heart attempts to pump the remaining blood more efficiently to vital organs. This compensatory mechanism aims to maintain cardiac output despite the decreased blood volume.

C. Dyspnea:
Dyspnea, or difficulty breathing, can occur in many medical conditions, including heart failure and respiratory issues. While it can be seen in severe cases of hypovolemia, particularly if the condition leads to shock and subsequent multi-organ failure, it is not a primary or specific sign of hypovolemia.

D. Weak pulse:
A weak pulse is a primary and direct manifestation of hypovolemia. Due to the reduced volume of circulating blood, the heart has less blood to pump with each contraction, leading to a weaker pulse. This symptom indicates a decreased perfusion pressure, which is characteristic of hypovolemia. The body's compensatory mechanisms include vasoconstriction and an increased heart rate, but these measures often result in a pulse that is rapid but weak.

A. Propranolol is a beta-blocker medication commonly used to treat hypertension, angina, and certain heart rhythm disorders. However, it is contraindicated in clients with a history of asthma or other obstructive airway diseases due to its potential to cause bronchoconstriction and exacerbate respiratory symptoms.

B. Migraines:
Propranolol is actually commonly used for the prophylactic treatment of migraines, particularly in individuals with frequent or severe migraines. It helps reduce the frequency and severity of migraine attacks by blocking the release of certain chemicals in the brain.

C. Glaucoma:
Propranolol can be used in the treatment of glaucoma, particularly when other treatments have been ineffective. It works by reducing intraocular pressure, which can help prevent vision loss associated with glaucoma.

D. Depression:
Propranolol is not contraindicated in clients with depression. In fact, it may sometimes be used off-label to manage certain symptoms of anxiety or performance anxiety. However, it is important to monitor clients with depression closely when prescribing propranolol, as it may interact with other medications used to treat depression or worsen certain depressive symptoms.