A nurse is teaching a client about the causes of osteoporosis. The nurse should include which of the following types of medication therapy as a risk factor for osteoporosis?

Choice A reason: Sees himself as inferior to others is not typically associated with paranoid personality disorder. Individuals with this disorder often have a pervasive distrust and suspicion of others but do not necessarily view themselves as inferior.

Choice B reason: Persistently holds grudges is a common characteristic of paranoid personality disorder. These individuals often harbor long-term grudges and are unwilling to forgive perceived insults or slights.

Choice C reason: Demonstrates a grandiose sense of self-importance is more characteristic of narcissistic personality disorder rather than paranoid personality disorder. Paranoid individuals are more focused on the perceived intentions of others rather than their own self-importance.

Choice D reason: Desires to be the center of attention is typically associated with histrionic personality disorder, not paranoid personality disorder. Paranoid individuals are more likely to be suspicious and distrustful rather than seeking attention.

Choice E reason: Believes that others are deceiving him is a hallmark of paranoid personality disorder. These individuals often believe that others are out to harm or deceive them, leading to pervasive mistrust and suspicion.

Choice A reason: Babinski’s sign

Babinski’s sign is a reflex action where the big toe moves upward or toward the top surface of the foot and the other toes fan out when the sole of the foot is stimulated. This sign is used to assess neurological function, particularly in the context of central nervous system disorders. It is not related to hypocalcemia, which is the likely cause of the tingling sensation in this scenario.

Choice B reason: Chvostek’s sign

Chvostek’s sign is a clinical indicator of hypocalcemia. It is elicited by tapping the facial nerve at the angle of the jaw, which causes twitching of the facial muscles. Hypocalcemia is a common complication following thyroidectomy due to potential damage or removal of the parathyroid glands, which regulate calcium levels. The tingling sensation reported by the client is a classic symptom of hypocalcemia, making Chvostek’s sign the most relevant assessment.

Choice C reason: Brudzinski’s sign

Brudzinski’s sign is used to assess for meningitis. It involves flexing the client’s neck and observing for involuntary flexion of the hips and knees. This sign is not related to hypocalcemia or the symptoms described by the client following thyroidectomy.

Choice D reason: Kernig’s sign

Kernig’s sign is another test for meningitis. It involves flexing the client’s hip and knee, then straightening the knee. Pain and resistance to straightening the knee indicate a positive Kernig’s sign. This sign is not relevant to the assessment of hypocalcemia or the symptoms described by the client.