A nurse is teaching a client about risk factors for osteoarthritis. Which of the following factors should the nurse include in the teaching? (Select all that apply.)

Smoking

Bacteria

Diuretics

Aging

Obesity

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,D,E

A. Smoking has been associated with an increased risk of developing osteoarthritis, particularly in the knees and hips. Smoking may contribute to inflammation and oxidative stress, which can exacerbate joint damage.

D. Aging is a significant risk factor for osteoarthritis. As individuals age, the cartilage in their joints may naturally deteriorate over time, leading to the development of osteoarthritis.

E. Obesity is a well-established risk factor for osteoarthritis, particularly in weight-bearing joints such as the knees and hips. Excess body weight places increased stress on the joints, leading to accelerated wear and tear of the joint cartilage.

B. Bacteria are not typically associated with the development of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is primarily a non-inflammatory condition related to wear and tear on the joints rather than an infectious process.

C. Diuretics are medications used to treat conditions such as hypertension and edema by increasing urine output. There is no direct evidence linking diuretic use to the development of osteoarthritis.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

B. Immediate-release morphine provides rapid pain relief and can effectively address breakthrough pain. The dose of 30 mg is reasonable given the severity of the pain.

A. Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine used to treat anxiety. While it may help with anxiety, it does not directly address the severe breakthrough pain experienced by the patient.

C. Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant used to treat neuropathic pain and depression. While it may help with chronic pain management, it is not appropriate for providing rapid relief for breakthrough pain or acute anxiety.

D. Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used for mild to moderate pain relief and inflammation. However, it is not typically used for severe breakthrough pain, especially in a patient already receiving opioid therapy.

A. Teach the patient to push the button every 10 minutes for an hour before going to sleep, even if the pain is minimal. B. Request that the health care provider order a bolus dose of morphine to be given when the patient awakens with pain. C. Consult with the health care provider about using a different treatment protocol to control the patient's pain. D. Administer a dose of morphine every 1 to 2 hours from the PCA machine while the patient is sleeping.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

C. This option is appropriate as the current treatment protocol is not effectively managing the patient's pain. The nurse can collaborate with the healthcare provider to reassess the patient's pain management needs and explore alternative strategies or adjustments to the PCA regimen.

A. This approach may lead to overmedication and increase the risk of adverse effects such as respiratory depression or sedation.

B. Requesting a bolus dose when the patient awakens with pain could be a part of the solution, but it should be carefully evaluated within the context of the overall pain management plan.

D. Administering scheduled doses of morphine from the PCA machine without the patient's input or based solely on time intervals is not recommended.

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A nurse is teaching a client about risk factors for osteoarthritis. Which of the following factors should the nurse include in the teaching? (Select all that apply.)

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A patient who is receiving sustained-release morphine sulfate (MS Contin) every 12 hours for chronic pain experiences level 9 (0 to 10 scale) breakthrough pain and anxiety. Which action by the nurse is appropriate for treating this change in assessment?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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