A nurse is teaching a class about the steps of the inﬂammatory response. The nurse should include that which of the following is the first step in the inﬂammatory response?

Inﬂammatory cells are activated

Release of inﬂammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein

Inﬂammatory pathways are triggered

Recognition of harmful stimuli by patern receptors on cell surfaces

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

The first step in the inﬂammatory response is the recognition of harmful stimuli by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the surfaces of various cells, including immune cells and non-immune cells. PRRs recognize specific patterns associated with pathogens, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), among others. This recognition leads to the activation of signaling pathways that promote the recruitment and activation of immune cells and the release of inﬂammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines.

Once the PRRs recognize the harmful stimuli, inﬂammatory cells are activated, including neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells. These cells then release inﬂammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein, which promote the recruitment and activation of more immune cells and further amplify the inﬂammatory response. Inﬂammatory pathways are also triggered, leading to the production of various inﬂammatory mediators and the activation of transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes involved in the inﬂammatory response.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Urinary incontinence can lead to skin irritation and breakdown if the skin is not properly cleaned 1. Using a pH-balanced cleanser can help maintain the skin’s natural acidity and prevent irritation.

A. Portal of entry B. Infectious agent C. Susceptible host D. Reservoir

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

The chain of infection describes how an infection spreads based on six links of transmission: Infectious Agent, Reservoirs, Portal of Exit, Modes of Transmission, Portal of Entry, and Susceptible Host1. In this case, the client’s mouth is an example of a portal of entry, which is the route by which an infectious agent enters a new host1.

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A nurse is teaching a class about the steps of the inﬂammatory response. The nurse should include that which of the following is the first step in the inﬂammatory response?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is caring for a client who has urinary incontinence. Which of the following actions should the nurse take?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A nurse is caring for a client who acquired hepatitis A from consuming contaminated food. The client’s mouth is an example of which of the following links in the chain of infection?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A nurse is caring for a client who is placed on droplet precautions. Which of the following actions should the nurse take?

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