A nurse is teaching a class about the steps of the inflammatory response. The nurse should include that which of the following is the first step in the inflammatory response?
Inflammatory cells are activated
Release of inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein
Inflammatory pathways are triggered
Recognition of harmful stimuli by patern receptors on cell surfaces
The Correct Answer is D
The first step in the inflammatory response is the recognition of harmful stimuli by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the surfaces of various cells, including immune cells and non-immune cells. PRRs recognize specific patterns associated with pathogens, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), among others. This recognition leads to the activation of signaling pathways that promote the recruitment and activation of immune cells and the release of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines.
Once the PRRs recognize the harmful stimuli, inflammatory cells are activated, including neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells. These cells then release inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein, which promote the recruitment and activation of more immune cells and further amplify the inflammatory response. Inflammatory pathways are also triggered, leading to the production of various inflammatory mediators and the activation of transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes involved in the inflammatory response.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Answer: D. The client grimaces when they move.
Rationale:
A) The client rates their pain as an 8 on a scale of 0 to 10:
Pain ratings provided by the client are subjective and reflect their personal experience and perception of pain. While important for assessing pain severity, this rating is based on the client's personal report rather than observable evidence.
B) The client states the pain is located on their abdomen:
The location of pain, as reported by the client, is subjective information. It is based on the client's personal experience and cannot be objectively measured or observed by the nurse.
C) The client reports a burning sensation:
Describing the sensation of pain, such as a burning feeling, is a subjective experience. This description provides valuable information about the nature of the pain but does not serve as an objective indicator.
D) The client grimaces when they move:
Observing a grimace is an objective indicator of pain. It is a visible, physical response that the nurse can see and document, indicating that the client is experiencing discomfort or pain. Objective indicators are observable signs that can be noted by healthcare providers.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
The correct answer is b.
Choice A: SpO2 95%
The normal range for SpO2, or peripheral capillary oxygen saturation, is typically between 95% and 100%. While a SpO2 of 95% is within the normal range, it doesn't necessarily indicate an understanding of vital signs as it's on the lower end of the normal range.
Choice B: Right radial pulse regular 68/min
The normal resting heart rate for adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute. Therefore, a right radial pulse of 68 beats per minute falls within the normal range and indicates an understanding of vital signs.
Choice C: Temp 36°C (96.8°F)
The normal body temperature for a healthy adult can range from 97.8°F (36.5°C) to 99.1°F (37.3°C). Therefore, a body temperature of 36°C (96.8°F) is slightly below the normal range.
Choice D: BP 148/72 mm Hg
The normal range for blood pressure in adults is between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg. A blood pressure reading of 148/72 mm Hg is above the normal range for systolic pressure (the top number), indicating high blood pressure (hypertension).
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