A nurse is teaching a class about the novice-to-expert model for nursing competence to a group of nurses.
A nurse who has some experience but still requires clinical support is in which of the following stages of competence?

Choice A rationale:

While the principle of justice is essential in healthcare, it does not directly address the client's decision to proceed with elective surgery or not. Justice pertains more to the fair allocation of resources and the equitable treatment of individuals, which may not directly apply to the client's autonomy in this situation.

Choice B rationale:

The principle of fidelity relates to keeping promises and being faithful to commitments, but it may not be the primary ethical principle to consider in this situation. The client's decision to proceed with elective surgery is primarily a matter of personal autonomy, and the nurse should prioritize respecting the client's autonomy over fidelity.

Choice C rationale:

Veracity is the principle of truthfulness and honesty in communication, but it does not take precedence over the client's autonomy in this context. While it is important for the nurse to provide honest information, the client's autonomous decision to proceed with or decline surgery should be respected regardless of the nurse's communication of truthful information. .

The correct answer is Choice B: A client who has a family history of breast cancer is scheduled for a mammogram.

Choice A rationale:

Receiving an influenza vaccination is an example of primary prevention, which aims to prevent the onset of disease.

Choice B rationale:

Scheduling a mammogram for a client with a family history of breast cancer is an example of secondary prevention. Secondary prevention involves the early detection and treatment of disease to reduce the impact of the disease. Mammograms help in the early detection of breast cancer, which can significantly improve treatment outcomes.

Choice C rationale:

Not scheduling tests for an asymptomatic client does not relate to secondary prevention. Secondary prevention involves screening and early detection of diseases in at-risk populations.

Choice D rationale:

Scheduling an echocardiogram for a client with heart failure is an example of tertiary prevention. Tertiary prevention aims to reduce the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects by helping patients manage long-term, complex health problems.