A nurse is screening a client for cancer risk factors. The nurse records that the client is a 65-year-old male, clinically obese with a BMI of 31, has a history of past smoking, and drinks moderately. Which of the following is a primary risk factor for prostate cancer?

Choice A reason: A sigmoid colostomy is typically located in the left lower abdomen. This statement accurately informs the client about the expected location of their stoma.
Choice B reason: A colostomy in the sigmoid colon produces formed stool. This area of the colon is responsible for the final stages of digestion where stool becomes more solid.
Choice C reason: The stoma should be pink to red and moist, indicating healthy tissue. A purple color may indicate compromised blood flow and requires immediate medical attention.
Choice D reason: The stoma itself is not typically painful after surgery, although the area around the surgical site may be tender. Pain management focuses on the overall surgical area rather than the stoma itself.

Choice A reason: An increased prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level is primarily indicative of prostatic conditions, including prostate cancer. PSA is a protein produced by both normal and malignant cells of the prostate gland. Elevated PSA levels can be a sign of prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), or prostatitis. It is an important marker used in the screening and monitoring of prostate cancer.
Choice B reason: Colon cancer does not typically result in elevated PSA levels. Instead, colon cancer is often associated with markers like carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). PSA is specific to prostate tissue, and its elevation is not related to colon cancer.
Choice C reason: Liver cancer is not associated with increased PSA levels. Liver function tests, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and imaging studies are more relevant in the diagnosis and monitoring of liver cancer. PSA levels do not provide information about liver cancer.
Choice D reason: Breast cancer does not affect PSA levels. Breast cancer markers include CA 15-3, CA 27.29, and others specific to breast tissue. PSA is a prostate-specific marker and is not used in the context of breast cancer diagnosis or monitoring.