A nurse is reviewing the medical history of a client who is scheduled for surgery.
Which of the following findings places the client at risk for an incisional hematoma?

Choice A rationale:

Establishing whether the client's grieving is healthy or complicated is the first step in the nursing process when caring for a client experiencing grief. This step falls under the assessment phase of the nursing process and is essential for understanding the client's needs and planning appropriate care.

Choice B rationale:

Developing client-specific goals and outcomes comes after the assessment phase in the planning stage of the nursing process. While important, it is not the first action the nurse should take in this situation.

Choice C rationale:

Incorporating the treatment into the client's care occurs during the implementation phase of the nursing process and follows assessment and planning. This is not the first action.

Choice D rationale:

Determining whether coping strategies were successful is part of the evaluation phase of the nursing process, which occurs after the implementation of care. It is not the first step in this situation. Now, let's proceed to the final question.

Choice A rationale:

Piaget's formal operational stage is characterized by abstract thinking, hypothesis testing, and logical reasoning, but it does not include the development of object permanence. This stage typically occurs during adolescence, not in early childhood when object permanence is established.

Choice B rationale:

The preoperational stage is characterized by the development of symbolic thought and egocentrism but not object permanence. Object permanence starts to develop during the sensorimotor stage.

Choice C rationale:

Concrete operational thinking is focused on logical and systematic thinking related to concrete objects and events. It does not include the development of object permanence, which occurs in the earlier sensorimotor stage.

Choice D rationale:

Object permanence is a concept that develops during Piaget's sensorimotor stage, which typically occurs from birth to about two years of age. During this stage, children learn that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight. They develop the ability to represent objects mentally and understand the concept of permanence.