A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who has received treatment for kidney stones. The nurse should remind the client to increase intake of which of the following?

A. Wearing a mask helps prevent the spread of respiratory droplets that may contain infectious pathogens, such as those causing pneumonia. It protects both the client from potential pathogens carried by the AP and the AP from potential exposure to the client's respiratory secretions.

B. Gloves should be worn when there is a risk of contact with the client's body fluids, including respiratory secretions, to prevent transmission of infectious agents. Hand hygiene (washing hands well) is important but does not replace the need for gloves in situations where there is a risk of exposure to bodily fluids.
C. Placing a mask on the client would not typically be required unless the client is coughing excessively and the mask is intended to contain respiratory droplets. However, the focus of precautions should primarily be on protecting the AP.
D. Wearing a gown may be necessary if there is a risk of contamination with respiratory secretions or if the AP anticipates contact with the client's body fluids. However, it is not specifically required for routine vital sign measurement unless there is visible contamination or extensive contact with the client's secretions.

A. Lactose intolerance does not directly increase the risk of aspiration. It is a condition where the body cannot easily digest lactose, a type of sugar found in dairy products, leading to gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, and gas. Aspiration risk is not typically associated with lactose intolerance.
B. Clients who have had a stroke often experience dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) due to impaired coordination of the muscles involved in swallowing. This dysphagia can lead to food or liquids entering the airway instead of the esophagus, increasing the risk of aspiration.
C. Prolonged diarrhea does not directly increase the risk of aspiration during eating. Diarrhea is a gastrointestinal symptom that typically affects the lower digestive tract and is not directly related to swallowing or aspiration risk.
D. After surgery, especially under general anesthesia, clients may have impaired protective airway reflexes and reduced consciousness level, increasing the risk of aspiration. The recovery phase postoperatively is critical, as clients may not have regained full control of their swallowing reflexes.
E. Radiation therapy in the head and neck region can cause tissue damage, including to the muscles and nerves involved in swallowing. This damage can result in dysphagia and increase the risk of aspiration during eating.