A nurse is reinforcing teaching to a newly licensed nurse about risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Which of the following should the nurse include in the teaching?

Marfan's syndrome

Alzheimer's disease

Parkinson's disease

Male sex

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A. Marfan's syndrome: Marfan's syndrome is a genetic connective tissue disorder that affects the integrity and strength of blood vessels. Individuals with this condition are at increased risk for the development of cerebral aneurysms, which may rupture and lead to subarachnoid hemorrhage, making it an important vascular risk factor.
B. Alzheimer’s disease: Alzheimer’s disease involves progressive neurodegeneration and cognitive decline, but it does not directly increase the risk of bleeding in the subarachnoid space. Its pathology does not involve vascular abnormalities related to aneurysm formation.
C. Parkinson’s disease: Parkinson’s disease affects the motor control centers of the brain due to dopamine depletion, but it does not involve changes in cerebral blood vessels. Therefore, it is not linked to an increased risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage.
D. Male sex: Subarachnoid hemorrhage is slightly more common in females, particularly due to hormonal and vascular differences. Male sex is not a recognized independent risk factor for aneurysmal rupture or spontaneous SAH.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Proximal acinar emphysema: This subtype typically affects the central or proximal parts of the acini, and it is less commonly associated with pneumothorax. The condition primarily affects the respiratory bronchioles.
B. Centrilobular emphysema: Centrilobular emphysema involves the upper lobes and is commonly associated with smoking, but it does not directly lead to pneumothorax as often as distal acinar emphysema.
C. Panacinar emphysema: Panacinar emphysema affects the entire acinus, including the alveoli. Although it can cause significant respiratory issues, it is less strongly associated with pneumothorax compared to distal acinar emphysema.
D. Distal acinar emphysema: Distal acinar emphysema involves the distal parts of the acinus and is often seen in the upper lobes of the lungs. It is strongly associated with the development of pneumothorax, as the damage to the lung tissue can lead to spontaneous ruptures in the alveolar walls, causing air to leak into the pleural space.

A. Calcium level of 10.0 mg/dL (9.0 to 10.5 mg/dL) B. Serum sodium 138 mEq/L (136 to 145 mEq/L) C. Serum potassium 4.8 mEq/L (3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L) D. Serum glucose 58 mg/dL (74 to 106 mg/dL)

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Calcium level of 10.0 mg/dL (9.0 to 10.5 mg/dL): The calcium level here is normal, and insulin therapy does not directly affect calcium levels. Therefore, this is not an adverse outcome related to insulin administration.

B. Serum sodium 138 mEq/L (136 to 145 mEq/L): The sodium level is within normal range. Insulin therapy does not typically cause major shifts in sodium, so this is not a concern.

C. Serum potassium 4.8 mEq/L (3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L): The potassium level here is also within normal range. Insulin therapy is often used to lower potassium levels, so this result does not suggest an adverse effect.

D. Serum glucose 58 mg/dL (74 to 106 mg/dL): This indicates hypoglycemia, which is a well-known adverse effect of insulin therapy. When insulin is administered, especially in the context of treating hyperkalemia, it can lower blood glucose levels to dangerously low levels, leading to hypoglycemia.

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A nurse is reinforcing teaching to a newly licensed nurse about risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Which of the following should the nurse include in the teaching?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is providing a presentation to colleagues on emphysema. Which of the following subtypes should the nurse identify as having a complication of pneumothorax?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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