A nurse is completing an assessment on a client who reports severe fatigue, hair loss, and trouble remembering things. The nurse notes a butterfly-shaped rash on the client's face. Which of the following conditions is the client likely experiencing?

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Acute HIV

Chronic HIV

Discoid lupus erythematosus

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A. Systemic lupus erythematosus: The butterfly-shaped rash, along with symptoms like fatigue, hair loss, and memory issues, is characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease. The rash typically appears across the cheeks and nose and is a hallmark sign of SLE, often triggered by sunlight exposure.
B. Acute HIV: Acute HIV infection may cause symptoms like fatigue, but it typically does not present with the specific butterfly-shaped rash seen in SLE. The rash associated with HIV is generally more generalized and not localized like the characteristic lupus rash.
C. Chronic HIV: Chronic HIV can present with fatigue and other symptoms, but it does not cause the butterfly-shaped rash seen in lupus. HIV-related rashes are more often generalized or occur due to secondary infections, not the distinct butterfly pattern seen in lupus.
D. Discoid lupus erythematosus: Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) can cause skin lesions, including facial rashes, but it does not present with the same systemic symptoms (like fatigue, hair loss, and memory issues) as systemic lupus erythematosus. DLE affects only the skin, whereas SLE affects multiple organs.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Proximal acinar emphysema: This subtype typically affects the central or proximal parts of the acini, and it is less commonly associated with pneumothorax. The condition primarily affects the respiratory bronchioles.
B. Centrilobular emphysema: Centrilobular emphysema involves the upper lobes and is commonly associated with smoking, but it does not directly lead to pneumothorax as often as distal acinar emphysema.
C. Panacinar emphysema: Panacinar emphysema affects the entire acinus, including the alveoli. Although it can cause significant respiratory issues, it is less strongly associated with pneumothorax compared to distal acinar emphysema.
D. Distal acinar emphysema: Distal acinar emphysema involves the distal parts of the acinus and is often seen in the upper lobes of the lungs. It is strongly associated with the development of pneumothorax, as the damage to the lung tissue can lead to spontaneous ruptures in the alveolar walls, causing air to leak into the pleural space.

A. Viscous fluid B. Purulent fluid C. Milky fluid D. Bloody fluid

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Viscous fluid: Thick, sticky (viscous) fluid may be seen in some types of malignant effusions or with chronic inflammation, but it is not a specific indicator of infection. Its presence alone does not confirm a bacterial process.
B. Purulent fluid: Purulent fluid is cloudy or pus-like in appearance and typically indicates the presence of infection, particularly bacterial. It suggests that the pleural space is contaminated with white blood cells and pathogens, requiring further evaluation and treatment.
C. Milky fluid: Milky fluid suggests a chylothorax, which results from lymphatic obstruction or injury. While it appears abnormal, it is usually not due to infection but rather due to chyle (lymphatic fluid) accumulating in the pleural space.
D. Bloody fluid: Bloody fluid, or hemothorax, can result from trauma, malignancy, or pulmonary embolism. While it is abnormal, it does not specifically indicate infection unless accompanied by other signs such as fever or purulence.

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A nurse is completing an assessment on a client who reports severe fatigue, hair loss, and trouble remembering things. The nurse notes a butterfly-shaped rash on the client's face. Which of the following conditions is the client likely experiencing?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is providing a presentation to colleagues on emphysema. Which of the following subtypes should the nurse identify as having a complication of pneumothorax?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A nurse is caring for a client who has pleural effusion and has undergone thoracentesis. The nurse should identify that which of the following findings is indicative of an infection?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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