A nurse is providing teaching to a client who has stress incontinence. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching? (Select all that apply.)

"Attempt to void every 2 hours."

"Perform Kegel exercises several times daily."

"Maintain a daily fluid intake of 1,000 to 1,200 mL/day."

"Take prescribed diuretics no later than 2000."

"Maintain optimal body weight for height."

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,B,E

Rationale:

A. "Attempt to void every 2 hours.": Scheduled voiding helps reduce the likelihood of bladder overfilling and decreases episodes of leakage, especially in stress incontinence where physical pressure causes urine loss.

B. "Perform Kegel exercises several times daily.": Kegel exercises strengthen the pelvic floor muscles, which support the bladder and urethra. Regular practice improves muscle tone and helps control urine leakage during activities like coughing or sneezing.

C. "Maintain a daily fluid intake of 1,000 to 1,200 mL/day.": Limiting fluids excessively can lead to concentrated urine and bladder irritation, increasing urgency and risk of infection. A moderate, well-balanced intake closer to 1,500–2,000 mL/day is generally recommended.

D. "Take prescribed diuretics no later than 2000.": While relevant for fluid management, it's not a direct or primary instruction specifically for treating or managing stress incontinence itself. Diuretics increase urine production, which could potentially worsen incontinence.

E. "Maintain optimal body weight for height.": Excess weight increases abdominal pressure on the bladder, worsening stress incontinence. Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight can reduce symptoms and support pelvic muscle strength.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Rationale:

A. Disconnecting the catheter from the drainage bag to empty the bag: This increases the risk of introducing pathogens into the closed urinary drainage system, leading to potential catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). The drainage bag should be emptied without breaking the system.

B. Emptying the drainage bag when it is half full: This prevents backflow of urine, which could lead to infection or increased bladder pressure. Regular emptying also allows for accurate measurement of urine output and maintains client comfort.

C. Keeping the drainage bag above waist level: Elevating the bag above the bladder increases the risk of backflow of urine into the bladder, which can introduce bacteria and cause infection. The bag should always remain below the level of the bladder.

D. Using sterile gloves when emptying the drainage bag: Sterile gloves are not necessary for this procedure. Clean gloves are sufficient since the nurse or AP is not entering the sterile parts of the urinary system but rather emptying the bag from the outlet port.

A. Self-mutilation B. Social isolation C. Paranoid ideation D. Lack of empathy

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Rationale:

A. Self-mutilation: This behavior is more commonly associated with borderline personality disorder. Individuals with borderline traits may engage in self-harm as a means of emotional regulation or response to abandonment fears, not typical in antisocial personality disorder.

B. Social isolation: Clients with antisocial personality disorder are often socially manipulative and may actively engage with others for personal gain. They are typically not socially withdrawn but can be superficially charming and exploitative.

C. Paranoid ideation: Paranoia is more closely linked with paranoid or schizotypal personality disorders. While someone with antisocial traits may be suspicious if it serves their manipulative purposes, persistent paranoid ideation is not a defining feature.

D. Lack of empathy: A hallmark feature of antisocial personality disorder is a disregard for others' feelings, rights, and safety. These clients often exhibit a lack of remorse and empathy, making them prone to violating social norms and laws without guilt.

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A nurse is providing teaching to a client who has stress incontinence. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching? (Select all that apply.)

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