A nurse is providing health promotion teaching to the parents of an infant. Which of the following conditions should the nurse identify as the leading cause of death among this age group?
Congenital anomalies
Respiratory distress
Sudden infant death syndrome
Low birth weight
The Correct Answer is A
Rationale:
A) Congenital anomalies: Congenital anomalies, also known as birth defects, are structural or functional abnormalities present at birth. They can affect any part of the body and may cause physical or developmental disabilities, as well as contribute to infant mortality. These anomalies can result from genetic factors, environmental exposures during pregnancy, or a combination of both. Preventive measures such as prenatal care, genetic counseling, and maternal health promotion play crucial roles in reducing the incidence and impact of congenital anomalies.
B) Respiratory distress: While respiratory distress can be a significant concern in newborns, especially those born prematurely or with certain medical conditions, it is not the leading cause of death among infants. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) occurs primarily in premature infants due to immature lung development and surfactant deficiency, requiring supportive care and sometimes mechanical ventilation to manage.
C) Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): SIDS is the sudden and unexplained death of an otherwise healthy infant, typically occurring during sleep. While SIDS is a devastating tragedy and a major public health concern, it is not the leading cause of death among infants. Strategies to reduce the risk of SIDS include placing infants on their backs to sleep, avoiding soft bedding and overheating, and promoting a safe sleep environment.
D) Low birth weight: Low birth weight, defined as a birth weight of less than 2,500 grams (5.5 pounds), is associated with an increased risk of neonatal complications and long-term health issues. While low birth weight infants may face various health challenges, including respiratory problems and developmental delays, low birth weight itself is not the leading cause of death among infants. Efforts to reduce low birth weight include prenatal care, nutrition support, and management of maternal risk factors such as smoking and substance abuse.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Negative Chvostek's sign: Chvostek's sign is a clinical sign of hypocalcemia, characterized by twitching of the facial muscles elicited by tapping over the facial nerve. A negative Chvostek's sign means that there is no twitching response, which is expected in individuals with normal calcium levels or hypercalcemia. Therefore, a preschooler with a calcium level of 8.0 mg/dL would likely not exhibit a negative Chvostek's sign.
B. Polyuria: Polyuria, or increased urine output, is not typically associated with hypocalcemia. Instead, it may be seen in conditions such as diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus, which affect water balance and urine production.
C. Dry, sticky mucous membranes: Dry, sticky mucous membranes are not characteristic findings of hypocalcemia. Instead, hypocalcemia may manifest with symptoms such as numbness or tingling around the mouth, hands, and feet; muscle cramps; and seizures. Mucous membrane changes are not typically specific to calcium levels.
D. Muscle tremors: Muscle tremors are a common manifestation of hypocalcemia. Low calcium levels can lead to increased neuromuscular irritability, resulting in muscle twitching or tremors. Other neuromuscular symptoms of hypocalcemia may include muscle cramps, tetany (prolonged muscle spasms), and seizures. Therefore, a preschooler with a calcium level of 8.0 mg/dL is more likely to exhibit muscle tremors as a result of hypocalcemia.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Use a 1.8 mm (0.5 in) needle:
Rationale: Needle length is typically not measured in millimeters for intramuscular injections. The length of the needle for intramuscular injections in preschoolers is usually longer, ranging from 16 to 25 mm (5/8 to 1 inch), depending on factors such as the child's size and the thickness of adipose tissue at the injection site.
B. Use a 20-gauge needle:
Rationale: While the gauge of the needle is important for controlling the flow rate of the medication, the size of the gauge alone does not determine the appropriateness of the needle for administering a vaccine into the deltoid muscle of a preschooler. The gauge of the needle commonly used for intramuscular injections in children is typically between 22 and 25 gauge.
C. Insert the needle at a 15-degree angle:
Rationale: When administering an intramuscular injection into the deltoid muscle, the needle should be inserted at a 90-degree angle (perpendicular to the skin) for children and adults. Using a 15-degree angle would result in a subcutaneous injection rather than reaching the muscle tissue.
D. Insert the needle just below the acromion process:
This is the correct action. When administering a vaccine into the deltoid muscle of a preschooler, the nurse should insert the needle just below the acromion process. This landmark helps ensure accurate placement of the needle into the deltoid muscle, which is the recommended site for intramuscular injections in preschool-age children.
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