A nurse is planning to teach a group of newly licensed nurses about hypernatremia. Which of the following manifestations should the nurse include in the teaching?

A. Rotate staff members caring for the client: Consistency in caregivers helps build trust in clients with paranoid personality disorder. Frequent changes in staff can increase suspicion and worsen paranoia, making care more difficult.
B. Speak in a neutral tone when addressing the client: A neutral, calm, and non-threatening tone helps avoid triggering the client’s mistrust or defensiveness. Clear and straightforward communication is essential for maintaining therapeutic rapport.
C. Limit the clients opportunities to socialize with others: Social interaction, when appropriate and safe, can help reduce isolation. Restricting social opportunities without cause can reinforce paranoid ideation and hinder recovery.
D. Mix the medication with the client's food items: Covertly administering medication violates client autonomy and can intensify paranoia if discovered. Informed consent and transparent communication are essential in psychiatric care.

A. Irrigate the wound with a low-pressure flow of solution: Low-pressure irrigation (typically using a 30–60 mL syringe with an 18-gauge catheter) effectively removes debris and reduces tissue trauma, promoting wound healing while preventing the spread of bacteria deeper into the tissue.
B. Cleanse the insertion site of the drain using a circular motion toward the center: Wound cleansing should proceed from the center outward, not toward the center, to avoid introducing contaminants into the wound or insertion site.
C. Cleanse the wound starting at the bottom and moving upward: Wound cleansing should always be done from the cleanest to dirtiest area starting at the top (incision site) and moving downward, not the reverse, to prevent contamination.
D. Irrigate the wound using a 10 mL syringe: A 10 mL syringe does not generate sufficient volume or pressure for effective wound irrigation. Larger syringes (30–60 mL) are preferred to provide adequate flow for proper cleansing.