A nurse is instructing clients in the community about relationship development. The nurse should explain that, according to Erikson, establishing relationships with commitment is a primary task of which of the following stages of psychosocial development?

A. Trust vs. mistrust is the first stage of Erikson's psychosocial development, occurring from birth to approximately 18 months. During this stage, infants learn to trust their caregivers to meet their needs, leading to a sense of security.

B. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt is the second stage, occurring from approximately 18 months to 3 years. In this stage, toddlers learn to assert their independence by making choices and exercising self-control. Success leads to autonomy, while failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.

C. Initiative vs. guilt is the third stage, occurring from approximately 3 to 6 years. During this stage, children begin to take initiative in their activities, planning, and decision-making. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose, while failure can result in guilt over initiative taken.

D. Industry vs. inferiority is the fourth stage, occurring from approximately 6 to 12 years. In this stage, children develop a sense of industry by mastering tasks, succeeding in school, and receiving recognition. Failure to achieve this sense of industry can lead to feelings of inferiority.

E. Identity vs. role confusion is the fifth stage, occurring during adolescence. During this stage, individuals explore their personal identity, values, and beliefs. Success in this stage leads to a strong sense of identity, while failure results in role confusion and uncertainty about one’s place in society.

A. Scoliosis screening is not typically necessary for older adults, as scoliosis usually develops during periods of rapid growth, such as during adolescence. While older adults may experience spinal curvature due to degenerative changes, routine scoliosis screening is not indicated.
B. Scoliosis screening is most commonly performed during the pre-adolescent and adolescent stages, typically between ages 10 to 15. This is because scoliosis often develops during periods of rapid growth, such as puberty, making this the ideal time for early detection and intervention.
C. Scoliosis screening is not generally conducted in the toddler or preschool age group, as the condition is unlikely to develop before the rapid growth phases of adolescence.
D. Infants are not typically screened for scoliosis, as it is uncommon for scoliosis to develop in this age group. Screening efforts are focused on older children, especially during adolescence.