A nurse is evaluating a client's laboratory results. The nurse should recognize that an increase in the client's prostate-specific antigen (PSA) laboratory value is indicative of which of the following diagnoses?

Choice A reason: A one-year interval for colonoscopy is not recommended for average-risk individuals. Annual testing is more suited for high-risk patients or for other forms of screening, such as the fecal occult blood test (FOBT).
Choice B reason: A two-year interval is also not the recommended schedule for colonoscopy screenings in average-risk adults.
Choice C reason: The American Cancer Society recommends a colonoscopy every ten years for adults at average risk starting at age 50. This interval balances effectiveness in detecting cancer with the risks and costs associated with the procedure.
Choice D reason: A five-year interval may apply to other forms of screening, such as sigmoidoscopy, but is not the standard recommendation for a full colonoscopy in average-risk individuals.

Choice A reason: Dumping syndrome is a common complication after a gastroduodenostomy, where food moves too quickly from the stomach to the small intestine. Symptoms such as weakness, sweating, palpitations, and dizziness shortly after eating are typical indicators of this condition. This happens because the rapid passage of food causes fluid shifts in the body and a release of gut hormones that can lead to the symptoms experienced.
Choice B reason: Bile reflux gastritis involves the backflow of bile into the stomach, which can cause inflammation and discomfort. However, it does not typically present with the acute symptoms described in this scenario, such as weakness and dizziness shortly after eating. Symptoms of bile reflux gastritis usually include chronic pain, nausea, and vomiting.
Choice C reason: Postprandial hypoglycemia occurs when blood sugar levels drop significantly after eating. While it can cause symptoms like dizziness and weakness, it typically occurs a few hours after a meal, not 15 minutes post-consumption. The timing of the symptoms described aligns more with dumping syndrome.
Choice D reason: Malnutrition refers to the lack of proper nutrition caused by not having enough food or not eating the right things. It does not typically present with acute symptoms like those described in the question. Chronic symptoms of malnutrition include weight loss, fatigue, and weakness over a longer period.