A nurse is collecting data from a client who is receiving clopidogrel following the placement of a cardiac stent. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as an adverse effect of this medication?

A. Constipation: Constipation is not a commonly reported adverse effect of clopidogrel (Plavix). Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet medication that works by inhibiting platelet aggregation, and gastrointestinal effects such as constipation are not typically associated with its use.

B. Bruising: This is a correct answer. Bruising is a known adverse effect of clopidogrel. As an antiplatelet medication, clopidogrel inhibits platelet aggregation, which can increase the risk of bleeding and bruising.

C. Rash: Rash is a potential adverse effect of clopidogrel, although it is not as common as other side effects such as bruising or gastrointestinal symptoms. Patients taking clopidogrel should be monitored for signs of allergic reactions, including rash, which may indicate the need for further evaluation or discontinuation of the medication.

D. Headache: Headache is not a commonly reported adverse effect of clopidogrel. While some patients may experience headache while taking clopidogrel, it is not considered a frequent or significant side effect of the medication.

E. Diarrhea: Diarrhea is not a commonly reported adverse effect of clopidogrel. Gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea are not typically associated with clopidogrel use, although some patients may experience gastrointestinal upset as a side effect of antiplatelet therapy.

A. Black Cohosh: This herb is more commonly used for menopausal symptoms and not typically associated with immune system benefits.

B. Gingko: Gingko is primarily studied for its potential benefits on memory and cognitive function, not necessarily the immune system.

C. Kava Kava: Kava kava is known for its calming effects and used for anxiety relief, not immune system support.

D. Echinacea: This herb has been widely studied and used for centuries for its potential immune-boosting properties. While research results are somewhat mixed, it's one of the most popular herbs associated with immune support.