A nurse is collecting data from a client who is experiencing opioid withdrawal. Which of the following manifestations should the nurse expect?

A. The PSDA applies to all adult clients regardless of age. It ensures that adults have the right to make decisions about their medical care, including the right to accept or refuse treatment, regardless of whether they are elderly or not. Age is not a factor in the applicability of the PSDA.
B. While it's common for a living will to be witnessed, it is not a legal requirement under the PSDA.
C. Advance directives are applicable to all clients, including those receiving mental health care.
D. The Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA) ensures that adult patients are informed about their rights to make decisions regarding their medical care, including the right to accept or refuse treatment and to prepare an advance directive.

A. Obsessive behaviors, such as repetitive actions or fixations on specific thoughts or tasks, can be indicative of delirium. Delirium often manifests with altered behavior patterns that are unusual for the individual, including obsessive or compulsive-like behaviors that are not typical of their baseline mental status. However, this is not specific to delirium.
B. Fluctuating orientation, where the client is sometimes alert and oriented and at other times confused or disoriented, is a hallmark of delirium. Unlike dementia, which typically presents with a more steady decline in cognitive function, delirium is characterized by rapid changes in mental status over hours to days. This fluctuation is important to note as it strongly suggests delirium rather than other chronic cognitive impairments.
C. Gradual memory loss reported by family members is more suggestive of chronic conditions such as dementia rather than delirium. Delirium, in contrast, is characterized by acute onset and fluctuating course rather than a gradual decline in cognitive abilities over time.
D. Depression can coexist with delirium, but a consistent state of depression without acute changes in mental status is less indicative of delirium. Delirium is characterized by rapid changes in cognition and behavior rather than a persistent mood disorder. Therefore, while depression should be assessed and managed appropriately, it is not typically a sign of delirium unless there are acute changes in mental status accompanying it.