A nurse is collecting data from a client who has peptic ulcer disease. Which of the following findings is a manifestation of gastrointestinal perforation?

Bradycardia

Hyperactive bowel sounds

Report of epigastric fullness

Severe upper abdominal pain

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

Choice A: Bradycardia. This is not a manifestation of gastrointestinal perforation, but rather a sign of vagal stimulation, which can occur in response to gastric distension, vomiting, or suctioning. Vagal stimulation can slow down the heart rate and lower the blood pressure.

Choice B: Hyperactive bowel sounds. This is not a manifestation of gastrointestinal perforation, but rather a sign of increased intestinal motility, which can occur in response to inﬂammation, infection, or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. Hyperactive bowel sounds are loud, high-pitched, and frequent.

Choice C: Report of epigastric fullness. This is not a manifestation of gastrointestinal perforation, but rather a sign of delayed gastric emptying, which can occur in response to gastric outlet obstruction, gastroparesis, or pyloric stenosis. Epigastric fullness is a feeling of pressure or discomfort in the upper abdomen after eating.

Choice D: Severe upper abdominal pain. This is a manifestation of gastrointestinal perforation, which is a life-threatening complication of peptic ulcer disease. Peptic ulcer disease is a condition that causes erosion and ulceration of the mucosal lining of the stomach or duodenum. If the ulcer penetrates through the wall of the gastrointestinal tract, it can cause perforation, which is a hole that allows gastric contents to leak into the peritoneal cavity. This can cause peritonitis, which is an inﬂammation and infection of the peritoneum. Peritonitis can cause severe upper abdominal pain, which may radiate to the shoulder or back. The pain may be sudden, sharp, and constant.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A: “Monitor blood glucose levels every 4 hours.” This is the priority action for the nurse to recommend to the client because it will help them detect and prevent hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia, which can lead to serious complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis or cerebral edema.

Choice B: “Consume 15 grams of carbohydrates every 1 to 2 hours.” This is an important action for the nurse to recommend to the client, but not the priority. The client should consume carbohydrates to prevent hypoglycemia, especially if they have nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea, but this should be done after monitoring their blood glucose levels.

Choice C: “Drink 8 ounces of ﬂuid every hour while awake.” This is a necessary action for the nurse to recommend to the client, but not the priority. The client should drink ﬂuids to prevent dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, which can worsen hyperglycemia, but this should be done after monitoring their blood glucose levels.

Choice D: “Take the usual dosage of insulin.” This is a required action for the nurse to recommend to the client, but not the priority. The client should take their insulin as prescribed to control their blood glucose levels, but this should be done after monitoring their blood glucose levels and adjusting the dosage if needed.

A. Hypernatremia B. Bradycardia C. Hypotension D. Hypokalemia

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A: Hypernatremia. This is not a manifestation that the nurse should monitor for in a client who is postoperative and has a history of Addison’s disease. Hypernatremia is a high level of sodium in the blood, which can be caused by dehydration, excessive sodium intake, or kidney dysfunction. It is not related to Addison’s disease or cortisol and aldosterone levels.

Choice B: Bradycardia. This is not a manifestation that the nurse should monitor for in a client who is postoperative and has a history of Addison’s disease. Bradycardia is a slow heart rate, which can be caused by vagal stimulation, medication side eﬀects, or cardiac disorders. It is not related to Addison’s disease or cortisol and aldosterone levels.

Choice C: Hypotension. This is a manifestation that the nurse should monitor for in a client who is postoperative and has a history of Addison’s disease, which is a condition that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol is a hormone that regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, and helps the body cope with stress. Aldosterone is a hormone that regulates the balance of sodium and potassium in the blood and ﬂuid volume. Addison’s disease can cause hypotension, which is a low blood pressure, due to decreased aldosterone production and ﬂuid loss.

Choice D: Hypokalemia. This is not a manifestation that the nurse should monitor for in a client who is postoperative and has a history of Addison’s disease. Hypokalemia is a low level of potassium in the blood, which can be caused by diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea, or alkalosis. It is not related to Addison’s disease or cortisol and aldosterone levels.

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A nurse is collecting data from a client who has peptic ulcer disease. Which of the following findings is a manifestation of gastrointestinal perforation?

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