A nurse is caring for an older patient admitted with mild dehydration. What advice should the nurse give to best address this issue?

Choice A rationale:
Plague is a highly contagious and often fatal disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected fleas or by direct contact with infected animals or their tissues.
Plague can cause severe illness and death, even with prompt treatment. The mortality rate for untreated plague is 50-60%. Therefore, it is incorrect to state that plague produces a mild illness and generally has a low mortality rate.
Choice C rationale:
Smallpox is a highly contagious and deadly disease caused by the variola virus. It was eradicated in 1980, but there is still a risk that it could be used as a bioweapon.
Most people under the age of 40 have not been vaccinated against smallpox and therefore have no immunity to the disease. Therefore, it is incorrect to state that the majority of Americans have adequate innate immunity to smallpox.
Choice D rationale:
Safer food preparation practices have helped to decrease the incidence of foodborne illnesses.
However, foodborne illnesses can still be spread through international travel. Travelers can be exposed to contaminated food or water in other countries.

Therefore, safer food preparation practices do not eliminate the risk of foodborne illnesses being spread through international travel.

Choice A rationale:
A serum sodium level of 134 mEq/L (134 mmol/L) is mildly low, but this level of hyponatremia is not typically associated with significant cognitive impairment.
Symptoms of hyponatremia, such as confusion, lethargy, and seizures, usually occur when sodium levels are 125 mEq/L or lower.
However, it's important to monitor this patient for any changes in cognitive status as hyponatremia can worsen and lead to more severe symptoms.
Choice C rationale:
A patient who underwent an open cholecystectomy two days ago may experience some cognitive impairment due to the effects of anesthesia and pain medications.
However, this type of impairment is usually temporary and resolves within a few days.
It's important to assess for cognitive impairment in this patient, but it is not the most urgent priority.
Choice D rationale:
A 32-year-old patient with a 20-pack-year history of smoking is at risk for cognitive impairment due to the long-term effects of smoking on the brain.
However, this risk is typically not as immediate as the risk of cognitive impairment following a stroke.
It's important to educate this patient about the risks of smoking and encourage smoking cessation, but it is not the most urgent priority in terms of cognitive assessment.
Choice B rationale:
An 88-year-old patient who had a hemorrhagic stroke three days ago is at the highest risk for cognitive impairment among the given options.
Hemorrhagic stroke involves bleeding in the brain, which can damage brain tissue and lead to cognitive deficits.
The risk of cognitive impairment is particularly high in older adults, as they may have less cognitive reserve to compensate for the damage caused by the stroke.
Early assessment and intervention for cognitive impairment are crucial for optimizing recovery and quality of life in stroke patients.
Prompt evaluation for cognitive impairment is essential to identify any deficits and initiate appropriate interventions to support the patient's cognitive function and recovery.