A nurse is caring for a patient who is using an intrauterine device (IUD) for contraception.

Which of the following symptoms is a potential adverse effect of the copper IUD?

The correct answer is choice B. The client has a positive pregnancy test result.

This is a contraindication for bilateral tubal ligation because the procedure is a permanent form of contraception and should not be performed on a pregnant woman.

The client should be counseled about other options for birth control or termination of pregnancy.

Choice A is wrong because a history of pelvic inflammatory disease is not a contraindication for bilateral tubal ligation.It may increase the risk of complications from the surgery, such as infection or adhesions, but it does not prevent the procedure from being performed.

Choice C is wrong because a family history of breast cancer is not a contraindication for bilateral tubal ligation.It may affect the client’s decision to undergo the procedure, as some studies have suggested that tubal ligation may reduce the risk of ovarian cancer, which is associated with breast cancer.

However, this is not a medical reason to avoid the surgery.

Choice D is wrong because a history of endometriosis is not a contraindication for bilateral tubal ligation.

It may cause pelvic pain or infertility, but it does not affect the effectiveness or safety of the procedure.In fact, some studies have shown that tubal ligation may improve the symptoms of endometriosis by reducing retrograde menstruation.

The correct answer is choice B and E.Bilateral tubal ligation (BTL) is a permanent form of contraception that involves cutting, tying or blocking the fallopian tubes to prevent pregnancy.It can be performed within 24 hours following childbirthand it is immediately effective.

Choice A is wrong because BTL does not provide protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

People who have BTL should still use condoms to prevent STIs.

Choice C is wrong because BTL does not increase the risk for an ectopic pregnancy.

An ectopic pregnancy is when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube.

BTL prevents fertilization by blocking the passage of eggs and sperm.

Choice D is wrong because BTL does not require abdominal surgery with general anesthesia.

BTL can be done using different methods, such as laparoscopy, minilaparotomy, or hysteroscopy.

These methods use small incisions or no incisions at all and can be done with local or regional anesthesia.