A nurse is caring for a client admitted for renal calculus. Which of the following assessment findings should the nurse associate with renal calculi?
(Select All that Apply.)
Incontinence
Gastrointestinal upset
Urinary urgency
Fever
Flank pain
Correct Answer : B,C,D,E
A. Incontinence: Incontinence is not a typical symptom of renal calculi. Pain, urgency, and difficulty urinating are more common.
B. Gastrointestinal upset: Nausea, vomiting, and gastrointestinal upset can occur as a result of renal colic due to the proximity of the kidneys to the gastrointestinal system.
C. Urinary urgency: Clients with renal calculi may experience urinary urgency due to irritation of the urinary tract.
D. Fever: Fever may indicate an infection related to the obstruction caused by the stone, such as pyelonephritis.
E. Flank pain: Flank pain, often severe and radiating to the lower abdomen or groin, is a classic symptom of renal calculi as the stone moves through the urinary tract.
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. A history of chronic headaches and migraines: While chronic headaches and migraines can affect overall health, they are not directly related to pyelonephritis.
B. A history of gastrointestinal issues such as irritable bowel syndrome: Gastrointestinal issues like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are generally unrelated to kidney function or urinary tract infections.
C. A history of cardiovascular problems such as hypertension: While hypertension can have indirect effects on renal function, it is not a common historical detail specifically associated with pyelonephritis.
D. A history of frequent urinary tract infections: Frequent urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a significant risk factor for developing pyelonephritis, as the infection can ascend from the bladder to the kidneys.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. The patients have lowered their cholesterol levels from previous laboratory results: Lower cholesterol levels are a positive health outcome but could result from factors other than weight loss, such as medication or diet changes. It is a good sign but not the most direct measure of the intervention's success.
B. The patients have improved blood pressure readings to be within expected reference range: Blood pressure improvements are important and can result from weight loss, but other factors like medications could influence this outcome.
C. The patients are choosing healthier food options for their diet plans: While choosing healthier food options is a positive behavior change, it is a process measure rather than an outcome. It does not necessarily indicate the interventions are working as effectively as a decrease in BMI.
D. There is a significant decrease in the patients' BMI measurements. A significant reduction in BMI is the most direct indicator of effective weight-loss interventions. A decrease in BMI reflects a measurable outcome that directly relates to weight loss.
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