A nurse is assisting with teaching a class about Kohlberg's theory of moral development. The nurse should reinforce that which of the following stages involves challenging rules that impinge on the rights of others?

Good boy-nice girl

Punishment and obedience

Law and order

Social contract

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

Choice A reason : The "Good boy-nice girl" orientation is part of Kohlberg's Conventional level of moral development. In this stage, individuals are motivated by the desire to maintain relationships and gain approval from others. They make decisions based on what will please others and show concern for others by being "nice." This stage does not typically involve challenging rules but rather adhering to them to maintain social harmony⁴.

Choice B reason : The "Punishment and obedience" orientation is the first stage of Kohlberg's Preconventional level. Here, the focus is on direct consequences to the individual : actions are judged as good if they help avoid punishment. This stage is characterized by a literal obedience to rules and authority to avoid negative consequences, not by challenging them⁴.

Choice C reason : The "Law and order" orientation is the fourth stage, also within the Conventional level. In this stage, individuals are oriented to abiding by the law and respecting authority. They believe in maintaining the social order by following rules and laws. Challenging rules is not a characteristic of this stage; instead, there is a focus on upholding laws as they are⁴.

Choice D reason : The "Social contract" orientation is part of the Postconventional level of moral development, specifically the fifth stage. Individuals in this stage believe that rules and laws are flexible instruments for furthering human purposes. They can argue for the legality or principle behind the rule and may challenge rules that infringe on the rights of individuals. They understand that laws are created by people and can be changed by them. This stage involves the recognition that individual rights sometimes need to be upheld over and above the law⁴.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A reason : Have an eye exam every 2 years.For individuals with diabetes, it is recommended to have an eye exam annually, not every two years, due to the high risk of developing diabetic retinopathy and the need for early detection and treatment.

Choice B reason : It is caused by an increase in intraocular pressure.Diabetic retinopathy is not caused by an increase in intraocular pressure; that is more characteristic of glaucoma. Diabetic retinopathy is caused by damage to the blood vessels in the retina due to high blood sugar levels.

Choice C reason : Clouding of the lens is a manifestation of diabetic retinopathy.Clouding of the lens is a manifestation of cataracts, not diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy involves changes to the blood vessels in the retina, not the lens of the eye.

Choice D reason : "Seeing spots is a manifestation of diabetic retinopathy.""Seeing spots," or floaters, can indeed be a manifestation of diabetic retinopathy. This occurs when blood vessels in the retina are damaged and leak blood or other fluids, causing these spots to appear in the vision.

A. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) B. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) C. Acute stress disorder (ASD) D. Episodic acute stress

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Choice A reason : Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).IBS is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by a group of symptoms including abdominal pain and changes in the pattern of bowel movements without any evidence of underlying damage. It is not typically related to flashbacks or stress-related disorders.

Choice B reason : Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).PTSD is a mental health condition triggered by a terrifying event, either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms include flashbacks, nightmares, severe anxiety, and uncontrollable thoughts about the event. The client's experience of flashbacks is a characteristic symptom of PTSD.

Choice C reason : Acute stress disorder (ASD).ASD is characterized by the development of severe anxiety, dissociation, and other symptoms that occur within one month after exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor. As the client reports flashbacks of an event from a year ago, ASD would not be the correct diagnosis due to the time frame.

Choice D reason : Episodic acute stress.Episodic acute stress refers to frequent episodes of acute stress, not necessarily related to flashbacks or a specific traumatic event. It is more about the reaction to the demands of life and is not characterized by flashbacks of a traumatic event.

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A nurse is assisting with teaching a class about Kohlberg's theory of moral development. The nurse should reinforce that which of the following stages involves challenging rules that impinge on the rights of others?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who has diabetes mellitus about diabetic retinopathy. Which of the following statements should the nurse make?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A nurse is caring for a client who reports experiencing flashbacks of a traumatic event that occurred a year ago. The nurse should identify that the client is experiencing which of the following stress-related disorders?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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