A 4-month-old with hydrocephalus is admitted to the hospital for shunt revision. When assessing for increased intracranial pressure, the nurse should observe the child for which finding(s)? Select all that apply.
Fever greater than 101.5° F (38.6° C).
Decreased urinary output.
Sunsetting eyes.
Bulging anterior fontanel.
Jugular venous distension.
Correct Answer : C,D
A. Fever greater than 101.5° F (38.6° C): Fever may indicate infection, such as meningitis or shunt infection, but it is not a primary sign of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in infants.
B. Decreased urinary output: Oliguria is not a typical early sign of increased ICP. While it can occur with severe systemic compromise, it is not a direct indicator of ICP changes.
C. Sunsetting eyes: The “sunsetting” sign, where the eyes appear driven downward with the sclera visible above the iris, is a classic indicator of increased ICP in infants due to hydrocephalus and should be closely monitored.
D. Bulging anterior fontanel: A bulging anterior fontanel reflects increased pressure within the cranial vault and is a key early sign of increased ICP in infants.
E. Jugular venous distension: Jugular venous distension is more indicative of cardiac or fluid overload issues rather than increased ICP in infants.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["A","E"]
Explanation
A. Calculate the intake and output: Measuring intake and output directly reflects fluid balance, making it one of the most reliable ways to determine if fluid restriction and diuretics are effective. Tracking fluid intake compared to urine output helps assess reduction in fluid overload.
B. Assess pulse rate: While monitoring pulse rate is part of routine assessment, it does not provide a clear picture of whether fluid overload is improving. Changes in pulse may occur with dehydration, arrhythmias, or other conditions, but it is not a primary measure of fluid balance.
C. Monitor the temperature: Body temperature is important for identifying infection or inflammation but does not indicate fluid status. Monitoring temperature would not help evaluate whether fluid restriction and diuretic therapy are relieving fluid overload.
D. Checking for orthostatic hypotension: Orthostatic changes can suggest hypovolemia or dehydration but are less useful for measuring the gradual effectiveness of fluid restriction. They may be monitored if over-diuresis is suspected, but they are not the best evaluation tool.
E. Obtain a daily weight: Daily weight is one of the most accurate indicators of fluid balance. A decrease in weight reflects effective removal of excess fluid, as even small weight changes can indicate significant fluid gain or loss in the body.
Correct Answer is ["C","D","E"]
Explanation
A. Continue PROM if joint's muscle spasms to relax muscle: Continuing to move a joint during muscle spasms can worsen injury or cause pain. PROM should be stopped if spasms occur and reassessed to prevent harm.
B. Slowly stretch the joint's muscles if pain is present: Stretching a joint when pain is present can cause tissue damage or exacerbate injury. Pain indicates that the joint has reached its limit, so exercises should be within a pain-free range.
C. Move the joint slowly until resistance is felt: Moving the joint slowly until resistance allows for safe assessment of mobility and flexibility without overstretching or causing injury. Resistance provides a natural limit to the joint’s passive range of motion.
D. Instruct the client to relax during the exercises: Relaxation reduces muscle tension, allowing for safer and more effective passive movements. Client cooperation helps prevent muscle guarding and ensures proper joint mobilization.
E. Support the extremity of the joint being exercised: Supporting the extremity prevents undue stress on muscles and joints, reduces the risk of injury, and allows controlled movement during PROM exercises. Proper support is essential for safety.
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