A 25-year-old single woman comes to the gynecologist's office for a follow-up visit related to her abnormal Papanicolaou (Pap) smear. The test revealed that the patient has human papillomavirus (HPV). The patient asks, "What is that? Can you get rid of it?" Your best response is:

Choice A reason: Chlamydia is not the least common of all the major sexually transmitted diseases. In fact, it is the most common bacterial STD in the world, affecting about 131 million people each year. ¹ Therefore, this statement is false and does not need to be emphasized.

Choice B reason: Good handwashing technique is not the best way to prevent chlamydial infections. Chlamydia is spread through sexual contact, not through casual contact or hygiene. The best way to prevent chlamydial infections is to practice safe sex, such as using condoms, limiting the number of partners, and getting tested regularly. Therefore, this statement is misleading and does not need to be emphasized.

Choice C reason: Most people infected with chlamydia are unaware that they are infected. This is because chlamydia often has no symptoms, or the symptoms are mild and easily ignored. This can lead to serious complications, such as pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and increased risk of HIV. Therefore, this statement is true and needs to be emphasized.

Choice D reason: Burning and pain with urination is a frequent symptom of chlamydial infections. However, this symptom is not specific to chlamydia, as it can also occur with other STDs or urinary tract infections. Moreover, not all people with chlamydia experience this symptom, especially women. Therefore, this statement is not very informative and does not need to be emphasized.

Choice A reason: Hyperbilirubinemia is incorrect because it is not a major complication of infants of diabetic mothers. It is a condition where the baby has high levels of bilirubin in the blood, which can cause jaundice. It can occur in any newborn, but it is more common in premature babies, babies with blood type incompatibility, or babies with infections.

Choice B reason: Hypoglycemia is correct because it is a major complication of infants of diabetic mothers. It is a condition where the baby has low blood sugar levels, which can cause seizures, lethargy, or poor feeding. It can occur because the baby's pancreas produces too much insulin in response to the mother's high blood sugar levels during pregnancy.

Choice C reason: Hypoinsulinemia is incorrect because it is not a major complication of infants of diabetic mothers. It is a condition where the body does not produce enough insulin, which can cause high blood sugar levels. It can occur in children or adults with type 1 diabetes, but not in newborns of diabetic mothers.

Choice D reason: Hypercalcemia is incorrect because it is not a major complication of infants of diabetic mothers. It is a condition where the baby has high levels of calcium in the blood, which can cause muscle weakness, vomiting, or kidney stones. It can occur in babies with certain genetic disorders, such as Williams syndrome, or babies with hyperparathyroidism, but not in infants of diabetic mothers.