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Etiology and Risk Factors

- The etiology of renal calculus is multifactorial and involves genetic, metabolic, environmental, dietary, and lifestyle factors

- Some of the risk factors for renal calculus are:

- Family or personal history of renal calculus

- Dehydration or low fluid intake

- High intake of animal protein, sodium, oxalate, or calcium

- Low intake of citrate or magnesium

- Obesity or diabetes mellitus

- Hyperparathyroidism or gout

- Urinary tract infection or stasis

- Medications such as diuretics, antacids, or vitamin C supplements

Questions on Etiology and Risk Factors

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Renal calculi are not blood clots. Blood clots can block the urinary tract, but they are not the same as kidney stones.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Kidney stones are not mostly caused by consuming too many fruits and vegetables. Fruits and vegetables are generally considered beneficial for kidney health.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

This is the correct answer. Leafy green vegetables are high in oxalates, which can contribute to calcium oxalate stone formation. Clients with calcium oxalate stones should limit their intake of these vegetables.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Sudden weight loss is not a symptom commonly associated with kidney stones.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Cystine stones are rare and are more likely to cause chronic, dull pain rather than sudden and severe pain.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

This is the correct answer. Drinking plenty of water and staying hydrated is one of the most effective ways to prevent kidney stones. Adequate hydration helps dilute urine and reduce the concentration of minerals that can lead to stone formation.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

This is the correct answer. ESWL uses shock waves to break up kidney stones, and the client will need to remain still during the procedure to ensure precise targeting of the stones. The procedure is usually painless, but some discomfort may be experienced during the process.Questions

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

This is the correct answer. Kidney stones are formed when certain minerals and salts in the urine form solid crystals that can clump together and grow into stones.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

While a sedentary lifestyle may be associated with other health risks, it is not a primary risk factor for kidney stones.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Avoiding dairy products is not recommended to prevent calcium oxalate stone formation. In fact, adequate dietary calcium intake from food sources may help reduce the risk of these stones.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Surgery is not the only treatment option for kidney stones. Depending on the size and type of stone, other treatment options, such as lithotripsy or medication, may be considered.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Cystine stones are rare and are more likely to cause chronic, dull pain rather than sudden and severe pain with tenderness.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

This is the correct answer. A high sodium diet can increase the excretion of calcium in the urine, leading to a higher risk of calcium-based kidney stones. Reducing sodium intake can help prevent stone formation.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

This is the correct answer. Staying hydrated and drinking plenty of water throughout the day is one of the most effective ways to prevent kidney stones. Adequate hydration helps dilute urine and reduce the concentration of minerals that can lead to stone formation.Questions

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Constant, generalized abdominal discomfort is not a specific symptom of kidney stones. Kidney stone pain is usually more localized to the back and flank regions.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

The frequent urge to urinate may be experienced if the stone causes irritation in the bladder, but it is not the most common symptom associated with kidney stones.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Numbing pain refers to a loss of sensation, which is not characteristic of kidney stone pain.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

This is the correct answer. Nausea and vomiting are common symptoms that may accompany kidney stone pain, especially if the stone causes obstruction in the urinary tract. The pain and irritation can trigger a reflex that leads to nausea and vomiting.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

This is the correct answer. Increasing citric acid intake can help prevent certain types of kidney stones, such as calcium oxalate stones. Citric acid helps to bind calcium in the urine, reducing the risk of stone formation. Citric acid can be found in citrus fruits and juices, and the nurse may advise the client to include more of these foods in their diet.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

This is the correct answer. Potassium citrate is prescribed to help dissolve certain types of kidney stones, particularly calcium oxalate stones and uric acid stones. It works by increasing the pH of the urine, making it more alkaline and less conducive to stone formation.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A urinary catheter is not typically required after ESWL. The client may be encouraged to drink plenty of fluids to help flush out the stone fragments, but a catheter is not usually needed.Questions

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Constant, generalized abdominal discomfort is not a specific symptom of kidney stones. Kidney stone pain is usually more localized to the back and flank regions.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

The frequent urge to urinate may be experienced if the stone causes irritation in the bladder, but it is not the most common symptom associated with kidney stones.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Numbing pain refers to a loss of sensation, which is not characteristic of kidney stone pain.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

This is the correct answer. Nausea and vomiting are common symptoms that may accompany kidney stone pain, especially if the stone causes obstruction in the urinary tract. The pain and irritation can trigger a reflex that leads to nausea and vomiting.

This is the correct answer. Increasing citric acid intake can help prevent certain types of kidney stones, such as calcium oxalate stones. Citric acid helps to bind calcium in the urine, reducing the risk of stone formation. Citric acid can be found in citrus fruits and juices, and the nurse may adv

This is the correct answer. Potassium citrate is prescribed to help dissolve certain types of kidney stones, particularly calcium oxalate stones and uric acid stones. It works by increasing the pH of the urine, making it more alkaline and less conducive to stone formation.

A urinary catheter is not typically required after ESWL. The client may be encouraged to drink plenty of fluids to help flush out the stone fragments, but a catheter is not usually needed.Questions

While adequate fluid intake can help reduce the risk of urinary tract infections, it is not the primary reason for recommending increased fluid intake in clients with kidney stones.

This statement is not correct. After the procedure, the client may be advised to follow a specific diet that is low in certain minerals (such as oxalate and calcium) that can contribute to stone formation. The nurse should provide specific dietary guidelines and restrictions to the client.

Cystoscopy with stent placement is used for conditions involving the lower urinary tract, such as the urethra and bladder, and is not typically used to remove kidney stones.

Alpha-blockers do not have a direct effect on preventing bacterial growth in the urinary tract. They are not antibiotics.

<p>Increasing intake of oxalate-rich foods is not specifically relevant to uric acid stones. Oxalate-rich foods are associated with calcium oxalate stones, not uric acid stones.</p>

Thiazide diuretics do not dissolve existing kidney stones. They are used to prevent stone formation, not to treat existing stones.

Hypertension is not directly related to PCNL. While some clients with hypertension may be at increased risk for kidney stones, hypertension is not a common complication of PCNL itself.Questions

This is the correct answer. Adequate fluid intake is crucial in preventing kidney stones. It helps dilute the urine and reduce the concentration of minerals that can lead to stone formation.

While reducing sodium and processed foods can be beneficial for overall health, it is not a specific dietary modification for preventing calcium oxalate stones.

Reducing fluid intake is not recommended for preventing any type of kidney stone. Adequate fluid intake is essential for kidney health and preventing stone formation.

Vitamin C supplements do have an effect on kidney stone formation, particularly for those at risk of calcium oxalate stones.

This is the correct answer. Struvite stones are composed of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate. Limiting the intake of high-phosphorus foods can help prevent the formation of these stones.

Thiazide diuretics do not dissolve existing kidney stones. They are used to prevent stone formation, not to treat existing stones.

Hypertension is not directly related to PCNL. While some clients with hypertension may be at increased risk for kidney stones, hypertension is not a common complication of PCNL itself.Questions

This is the correct answer. Adequate fluid intake helps dilute urine and reduces the concentration of minerals that can lead to stone formation.

This is the correct answer. Reducing sodium intake can be beneficial for kidney health, as high sodium intake can increase calcium excretion in the urine and promote stone formation. Additionally, processed foods may contain high levels of sodium and should be limited.

Potassium citrate does not decrease urine output. It primarily works to reduce urine acidity and prevent stone formation.

Limiting fluid intake isnot recommended for the prevention of struvite stones. Adequate fluid intake is essential in preventing stone formation.

Allopurinol does not increase the excretion of calcium. It is used specifically to address uric acid levels and prevent uric acid stone formation.

Hypoglycemia is not related to ureteroscopy. It is a condition related to low blood sugar levels and is not a typical complication of kidney stone removal.

Thiazide diuretics do not cause hypermagnesemia. They do not have a significant effect on magnesium excretion in the urine.Questions
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